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The Nervous System
Anatomy and Physiology Flash Cards
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Directions
The first slide asks a question.
The second slide answers the question.
Use these slides like flash cards to test
your core knowledge.
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Question
Name the divisions of the nervous
system.
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Answer
• CNS (central nervous system)
• PNS (peripheral nervous system)
• ANS (autonomic nervous system)
• Somatic (voluntary)
• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic
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Question
Name the organs of the nervous system.
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Answer
•
•
•
•
•
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves
Specialized sense organs
Microscopic sense organs
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Question
What is the central nervous system (CNS)
composed of?
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Answer
The brain and spinal cord
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Question
What is the peripheral nervous system
(PNS) composed of?
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Answer
The nerves that extend to outlying parts of
the body.
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Question
Describe the autonomic nervous system
(ANS).
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Answer
A subdivision of the peripheral nervous
system (PNS) that consists of
structures that regulate the body’s
automatic or involuntary functions
(heart rate, stomach and intestinal
contractions, and gland secretions)
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Question
Name the two types of cells found in the
nervous system.
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Answer
1. Neurons
2. Glia
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Question
Neurons are nerve cells and they consist
of three parts. What are the three parts
of a neuron?
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Answer
1. The main part is called the cell body.
2. One or more branching projections are
called dendrites.
3. One elongated projection is called the
axon.
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Question
What are the functions of each part of the
neuron?
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Answer
• Dendrites conducts impulses to the cell
body.
• Cell body is the main part.
• Axon conducts impulses away from the cell
body.
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Question
Axons are either myelinated or
unmyelinated. What is myelin?
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Answer
Myelin is a white fatty substance formed
by Schwann cells in the PNS and
oligodendrocytes in the CNS.
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Question
The indentations between Schwann cells
in the PNS are called ______.
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Answer
Nodes of Ranvier
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Question
The outer cell membrane of a Schwann
cell is called ______.
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Answer
Neurilemma
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Question
Glia is one of the two types of cells in the nervous
system. Glia have several functions including
holding the functioning neurons together,
protecting them, and regulating neuron
function. Glia cells vary in shape and size.
Can you name the three main types of support
cells in the central nervous system and provide
a short description of each?
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Answer
1.
Astrocytes: Star shaped cells with threadlike branches,
anchor blood vessels to neurons, and support the blood
brain barrier.
2.
Microglia: Usually remain stationary until inflammation or
deterioration occurs, then they enlarge and begin the
process of phagocytosis.
3.
Oligodendrocytes: Produce the myelin sheath that wraps
nerve fibers in the CNS.
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Question
Name the three nerve coverings and what
each covers.
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Answer
1. Endoneurium: Surrounds the
individual fibers within a nerve.
2. Perineurium: Surrounds a group
(fascicle) of nerve fibers.
3. Epineurium: Surrounds the entire
nerve.
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Question
True or False?
Only neurons can provide the rapid
communication between cells that is
necessary for maintaining life.
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Answer
True
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Question
Another term for nerve impulse is ______.
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Answer
Action potential
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Question
A specialized type of neuron pathway is
called a ______.
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Answer
Reflex arc
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Question
The simplest kind of reflex arc is ______.
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Answer
Two-neuron reflex arc
(sensory neuron and motor neuron)
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Question
What neurons are included in a threeneuron reflex arc?
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Answer
1. Sensory neurons
2. Interneurons
3. Motor neurons
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Question
The “knee jerk” or patella reflex is an
example of a ______ neuron reflex.
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Answer
Two
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Question
Receptors are at the beginning of the
dendrites of ______ neurons.
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Answer
Sensory
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Question
Describe the term ganglion.
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Answer
A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.
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Question
What is the definition of a nerve impulse?
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Answer
A self-propagating wave of electrical
disturbance that travels along the
surface of a neuron membrane.
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Question
The microscopic space that separates the
axon ending of one neuron from the
dendrites of the next neuron is called a
______.
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Answer
Synapse
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Question
What is saltatory conduction?
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Answer
As the traveling nerve impulse comes in
contact with myelin sections, it jumps
over the myelin to the indentations
called Nodes of Ranvier.
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Question
When the traveling impulse jumps from
one neuron to the next it crosses over
a ______.
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Answer
Synapse
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Question
Name a type of three-neuron reflex arc?
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Answer
Withdrawal reflex
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Question
What are the three structures that make
up a synapse?
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Answer
1. Synaptic Knob
2. Synaptic Cleft
3. Plasma membrane of the
postsynaptic neuron
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Question
The synaptic knob contains small sacs or
vesicles. Each sac or vesicles
contains a chemical compound called
______.
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Answer
Neurotransmitters
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Question
What is a neurotransmitter?
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Answer
Chemicals used by neurons to
communicate. Released by the
presynaptic neurons to assist,
stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic
neurons. At least thirty different
compounds have been identified as
neurotransmitters.
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Question
Detail the process of a neurotransmitter
release through to its termination.
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Answer
•
The vesicles of the synaptic knob of a preganglionic
neuron’s axon release the neurotransmitter. The
neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft.
•
The neurotransmitter is received by the receptor site on the
cell membrane of the postsynaptic neuron’s dendrites.
•
What is not used or needed will diffuse back into the
synaptic knob or will be absorbed by the body.
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Question
What is acetylcholine?
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Answer
A neurotransmitter abbreviated as ACH
and released at the neuromuscular
junction as well as all autonomic
ganglia.
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Question
Describe catecholamines and name three
types of this neurotransmitter.
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Answer
•
•
Catecholamines play a role in sleep,
motor function, mood and pleasure
recognition.
Three catecholamines are:
1. Norepinephrine
2. Serotonin
3. Dopamine
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Question
Name two morphine-like neurotransmitters.
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Answer
1. Endorphins
2. Enkephalins
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Question
What neurotransmitters ay be released in
response to pain or injury?
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Answer
Endorphins and enkephalins
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Question
The central nervous system has two main
structures; the brain and the spinal cord.
In addition to the brain being protected
by the cranial cavity and the spinal cord
surrounded in the spinal cavity by the
vertebral column for its protection, both
are covered by protective membranes
called ______.
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Answer
Meninges
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Question
Name the divisions of the brainstem from
inferior to superior.
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Answer
• Medulla Oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain
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Question
From the brain stem, moving superiorly,
name the next parts of the brain.
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Answer
•
•
•
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
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Question
Which part of the diencephalon controls
the hormone secretion for the pituitary
gland?
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Answer
Hypothalamus
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Question
What is the second largest part of the
human brain?
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Answer
Cerebellum
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Question
What is the name of the largest part of the
brain?
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Answer
Cerebrum
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Question
Which part of the brain helps control
muscle contractions by producing
coordinated movements so we can
move smoothly and maintain our
balance with normal posture?
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Answer
Cerebellum
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Question
Name the four lobes of the cerebrum.
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Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
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Question
What is the name of the structure that
separates and allows the brain
hemispheres to communicate?
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Answer
Corpus collosum
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Question
Which lobe of the cerebrum controls
movement?
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Answer
Frontal lobe
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Question
Name the shallow grooves in the cerebrum.
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Answer
Sulci—grooves
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Question
Where is the motor speech area called
Broca’s area located?
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Answer
Frontal lobe
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Question
Which part of the brainstem contains the
vital centers?
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Answer
Medulla oblongata
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Question
Name the part of the brain responsible for
regulating sleep cycle, water balance,
and that produces antidiuretic hormone
(ADH).
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Answer
Hypothalamus
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Question
The spinal cord has inner and outer parts.
Which part is composed of white
matter made up of bundles of axons
called tracts?
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Answer
The outer part of the spinal cord.
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Question
What is CSF?
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Answer
Cerebrospinal fluid—a clear fluid that
nourishes and protects the brain and
spinal cord as well as fills the
ventricles in the brain.
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Question
Name the three layers of the tough, fluidcontaining membranes known as
meninges that protect the brain and
spinal cord, from superficial to deep.
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Answer
1. Dura mater (tough mother)
2. Arachnoid (cobweb-like)
3. Pia mater (soft mother)
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Question
The structure associated with the
ventricles and contributes to the
formation of CSF is ______.
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Answer
Choroid plexus
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Question
How many pair of cranial nerves are in
the human body?
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Answer
Twelve pair
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Question
Name the cranial nerves.
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Answer
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
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Question
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in
the human body?
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Answer
Thirty-one pairs
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Question
Skin surface areas supplied by a single
spinal nerve are called ______.
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Answer
Dermatomes
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Question
What are the paths of the white matter
tracts?
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Answer
•
Sensory tracts=
Peripheral nerves to the brain
•
Motor tracts=
Brain to peripheral nerves
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Question
Our spinal nerves conduct impulses
necessary for us to experience
sensations as well as voluntary
movements, explaining their structure of
the dendrites of sensory neurons and
the ______ of ______.
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Answer
Axons of motor neurons
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Question
What is known as the “fight or flight”
system?
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Answer
Sympathetic or thoracolumbar system
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Question
What are the three types of tissues the
ANS controls?
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Answer
1. Cardiac
2. Smooth
3. Glandular (epithelial)
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Question
Name the neurotransmitter released by
sympathetic postganglionic axons.
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Answer
Norepinephrine
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Question
Which branch of the ANS dominates
control of visceral effectors in normal
everyday conditions?
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Answer
Parasympathetic system
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Question
Where will you find a sensory cell body?
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Answer
In the dorsal horn or posterior root ganglion.
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Question
What are cholinergic fibers?
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Answer
Sympathetic pre and post ganglionic axons
and the parasympathetic postganglionic
axon classify as cholinergic fibers
because they release ACH from their
terminals at the synapse.
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Question
What fibers are considered adrenergic?
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Answer
Only the axon of a sympathetic
postganglionic neuron releases the
neurotransmitter norepinephrine in
sympathetic response to visceral
receptors.
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Question
What is another name for the limbic system?
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Answer
The emotional brain
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Question
What is the autonomic nervous system’s
job as a whole?
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Answer
To regulate the body’s automatic functions
that will bring about or restore
homeostasis.
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