A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... We investigated the properties of neostriatal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing interneurons in transgenic GFP (green fluorescent protein)-NPY reporter mice. In vitro whole-cell recordings and biocytin staining demonstrated the existence of a novel class of neostriatal NPY-expressing GABAergic interne ...
... We investigated the properties of neostriatal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing interneurons in transgenic GFP (green fluorescent protein)-NPY reporter mice. In vitro whole-cell recordings and biocytin staining demonstrated the existence of a novel class of neostriatal NPY-expressing GABAergic interne ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... with a representation of absolute disparity, only two studies (Motter and Poggio, 1984, 1990) have attempted to distinguish between representations based on absolute or relative disparity. They examined this issue by analyzing the effect of errors in convergence (fixation disparities) in awake monke ...
... with a representation of absolute disparity, only two studies (Motter and Poggio, 1984, 1990) have attempted to distinguish between representations based on absolute or relative disparity. They examined this issue by analyzing the effect of errors in convergence (fixation disparities) in awake monke ...
THE SUBFORNICAL ORGAN AND AREA POSTREMA MEDIATE
... Leptin is an adipokine that acts centrally to regulate feeding behaviour, energy expenditure and autonomic function via activation of its receptor (ObRb) in nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS). This thesis investigates the involvement of two sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), the subfor ...
... Leptin is an adipokine that acts centrally to regulate feeding behaviour, energy expenditure and autonomic function via activation of its receptor (ObRb) in nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS). This thesis investigates the involvement of two sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), the subfor ...
Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... organization of cellular elements in the snake VNO. As shown in A, the cell bodies of mature VN neurons (R) are located exclusively in the middle epithelial laminae with dendrites projecting toward the epithelial lumen. Adjacent to the basal lamina are basal cells (B); immature VN neurons (N) are lo ...
... organization of cellular elements in the snake VNO. As shown in A, the cell bodies of mature VN neurons (R) are located exclusively in the middle epithelial laminae with dendrites projecting toward the epithelial lumen. Adjacent to the basal lamina are basal cells (B); immature VN neurons (N) are lo ...
Document
... EvBrain is a form of evolutionary software that can evolve "brainlike" neural networks, such as the network immediately behind the retina. Since November 2008, IBM received a $4.9 million grant from the Pentagon for research into creating intelligent computers. The Blue Brain project is being conduc ...
... EvBrain is a form of evolutionary software that can evolve "brainlike" neural networks, such as the network immediately behind the retina. Since November 2008, IBM received a $4.9 million grant from the Pentagon for research into creating intelligent computers. The Blue Brain project is being conduc ...
neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data
... implemented in the brain in various neuronal reward signals, and thus does seem to have a physical basis. Although sophisticated forms of reward and decision processes are far more fascinating than arcane fundamental variables, their investigation may be crucial for understanding reward processing. ...
... implemented in the brain in various neuronal reward signals, and thus does seem to have a physical basis. Although sophisticated forms of reward and decision processes are far more fascinating than arcane fundamental variables, their investigation may be crucial for understanding reward processing. ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... and nicotine8,23,24. Much evidence implicates the VTA and its associated efferent and afferent projections as an integrative centre for the psychoactive effects of nicotine. Within the VTA, DA neurons (designated as the A10 DA group), and their associated ascending projections to the nucleus accumbe ...
... and nicotine8,23,24. Much evidence implicates the VTA and its associated efferent and afferent projections as an integrative centre for the psychoactive effects of nicotine. Within the VTA, DA neurons (designated as the A10 DA group), and their associated ascending projections to the nucleus accumbe ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... Understanding the principles by which the brain combines information from different senses provides us with insight into the computational strategies used to maximize their utility. Prior studies of the superior colliculus (SC) neuron as a model suggest that the relative timing with which sensory cu ...
... Understanding the principles by which the brain combines information from different senses provides us with insight into the computational strategies used to maximize their utility. Prior studies of the superior colliculus (SC) neuron as a model suggest that the relative timing with which sensory cu ...
Organization of the Olfactory and Respiratory Skeleton in the Nose
... 36 postnatal), over 120 cleared and double-stained whole preparations (aged from day 0 through retired breeders), and 30 dried skeletons representing different ages. The histological serial sections were studied to trace development of the turbinals, epithelial differentiation, nerve pathways, and t ...
... 36 postnatal), over 120 cleared and double-stained whole preparations (aged from day 0 through retired breeders), and 30 dried skeletons representing different ages. The histological serial sections were studied to trace development of the turbinals, epithelial differentiation, nerve pathways, and t ...
The Role of Kv7 in Peripheral Neurons
... in the regulation of cellular excitability and axonal conduction. Previous studies have shown that peripheral sensory neurons express Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5 subunits, and that suppression of Kv7 activity with pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localiza ...
... in the regulation of cellular excitability and axonal conduction. Previous studies have shown that peripheral sensory neurons express Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5 subunits, and that suppression of Kv7 activity with pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localiza ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior ...
... synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior ...
1 - Test Bank
... 39. Recent evidence suggests that glial cells and astrocytes may play an important role in ________. a. learning and memory b. endocrine functioning c. maturation and aging d. growth and metabolic regulation Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 43 Topic: Neurons: The Messengers Skill: F ...
... 39. Recent evidence suggests that glial cells and astrocytes may play an important role in ________. a. learning and memory b. endocrine functioning c. maturation and aging d. growth and metabolic regulation Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 43 Topic: Neurons: The Messengers Skill: F ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
... information in the spinal cord. In adults, the rostroventral medulla (RVM) can inhibit and facilitate somatosensory processing in the adult dorsal horn, providing powerful control of pain behaviours. In neonates, balanced descending control of processing of dorsal horn activity is immature. Here, I ...
... information in the spinal cord. In adults, the rostroventral medulla (RVM) can inhibit and facilitate somatosensory processing in the adult dorsal horn, providing powerful control of pain behaviours. In neonates, balanced descending control of processing of dorsal horn activity is immature. Here, I ...
A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system
... et al. 2015). Reconstruction of Cdh1–APC by cryo-EM has largely confirmed the triangular shape of Cdh1–APC delineated by a lattice-like shell comprised of a catalytic “platform” and an “arc lamp” scaffolding structure (Fig. 1; Chang et al. 2014; Yamaguchi et al. 2015). Positioned at the periphery of ...
... et al. 2015). Reconstruction of Cdh1–APC by cryo-EM has largely confirmed the triangular shape of Cdh1–APC delineated by a lattice-like shell comprised of a catalytic “platform” and an “arc lamp” scaffolding structure (Fig. 1; Chang et al. 2014; Yamaguchi et al. 2015). Positioned at the periphery of ...
Physiology of the Mammalian Circadian System
... circadian system has increased enormously in just the past few years. Although it has been known for many years that the circadian clock has a period of approximately 24 hours (hence the name circadian, “about a day”), and that the light–dark cycle synchronizes (“entrains”) the clock to the solar da ...
... circadian system has increased enormously in just the past few years. Although it has been known for many years that the circadian clock has a period of approximately 24 hours (hence the name circadian, “about a day”), and that the light–dark cycle synchronizes (“entrains”) the clock to the solar da ...
Theta Modulation in the Medial and the Lateral Entorhinal Cortices
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... Each moment of life, our brains excel at the complex tasks of acquiring information about the environment, processing and analyzing those signals, store and retrieve memories, decide on appropriate behavior and finally coordinate the muscular contractions for an appropriate behavioral response. Acco ...
... Each moment of life, our brains excel at the complex tasks of acquiring information about the environment, processing and analyzing those signals, store and retrieve memories, decide on appropriate behavior and finally coordinate the muscular contractions for an appropriate behavioral response. Acco ...
The circadian visual system, 2005
... summed across the series (Nelson and Takahashi, 1991), as long as the individual pulses are of sufficient duration (i.e., minutes). The integrative capacity of the circadian system appears to be time-limited to the extent that, under test conditions explored to date, if a photic stimulus is sufficie ...
... summed across the series (Nelson and Takahashi, 1991), as long as the individual pulses are of sufficient duration (i.e., minutes). The integrative capacity of the circadian system appears to be time-limited to the extent that, under test conditions explored to date, if a photic stimulus is sufficie ...
Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Primate Mesencephalic
... Waitzman, David M., Valentine L. Silakov, Stacy DePalmaBowles, and Amanda S. Ayers. Effects of reversible inactivation of the primate mesencephalic reticular formation. I. Hypermetric goaldirected saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2260 –2284, 2000. Singleneuron recording and electrical microstimulation ...
... Waitzman, David M., Valentine L. Silakov, Stacy DePalmaBowles, and Amanda S. Ayers. Effects of reversible inactivation of the primate mesencephalic reticular formation. I. Hypermetric goaldirected saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2260 –2284, 2000. Singleneuron recording and electrical microstimulation ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... cholinergic thalamocortical pathway concerned with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Fra ...
... cholinergic thalamocortical pathway concerned with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Fra ...
Gastric Effects of Cholecystokinin and Its Interaction with Leptin on
... a brainstem compartment and a gastric compartment. Peptides were applied only to the gastric compartment and their effects on the NTS neuronal activity were evaluated. The test compounds, CCK and leptin, were dissolved in the vehicle solution. The concentrated solution was applied to the Krebs’ solu ...
... a brainstem compartment and a gastric compartment. Peptides were applied only to the gastric compartment and their effects on the NTS neuronal activity were evaluated. The test compounds, CCK and leptin, were dissolved in the vehicle solution. The concentrated solution was applied to the Krebs’ solu ...
Kir2 potassium channels in rat striatum are strategically
... 1.1.2.1 Kir subfamilies Very different physiological functions are assigned to Kir channels originating in the diversity of these proteins. Aside from differential cellular expression the diverse subset of Kir channel subtypes determines the pattern of electrical properties. The Kir1 subtype is a Ki ...
... 1.1.2.1 Kir subfamilies Very different physiological functions are assigned to Kir channels originating in the diversity of these proteins. Aside from differential cellular expression the diverse subset of Kir channel subtypes determines the pattern of electrical properties. The Kir1 subtype is a Ki ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.