Laminar Selectivity of the Cholinergic Suppression of Synaptic
... output function g(.) was a nonlinear threshold function with the following characteristics: for ..a, - 0 > 0, g&u,) = ,,a, - 8; for ,,a, - 0 2 0, g&u,) = 0. The threshold 0 was set at 0.4 for region CA 1. L,, represents the strength of each synapse in stratum lacunosum-moleculare from neuron j in en ...
... output function g(.) was a nonlinear threshold function with the following characteristics: for ..a, - 0 > 0, g&u,) = ,,a, - 8; for ,,a, - 0 2 0, g&u,) = 0. The threshold 0 was set at 0.4 for region CA 1. L,, represents the strength of each synapse in stratum lacunosum-moleculare from neuron j in en ...
Background - Harvard University
... Around this time, Thorndike’s (1911) Law of Effect postulated that a reward increases the frequency and intensity of a specific behavioral act that has resulted in a reward before or, as a common interpretation has it, “rewards make you come back for more.” This definition comes close to the idea of ...
... Around this time, Thorndike’s (1911) Law of Effect postulated that a reward increases the frequency and intensity of a specific behavioral act that has resulted in a reward before or, as a common interpretation has it, “rewards make you come back for more.” This definition comes close to the idea of ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... introduced the term sleep spindle. The switching between the tonic/relay and burst/ oscillatory mode occurs because of the inactivation and activation of low threshold calcium channels present in thalamocortical principal relay neurons. The low threshold calcium channels (low threshold or low membra ...
... introduced the term sleep spindle. The switching between the tonic/relay and burst/ oscillatory mode occurs because of the inactivation and activation of low threshold calcium channels present in thalamocortical principal relay neurons. The low threshold calcium channels (low threshold or low membra ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for synaptic
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
Biophysics of Extracellular Action Potentials
... The goal of this thesis is to analyze the generation of single unit extracellular action potentials (EAPs), and to explore pertinent issues in the interpretation of EAP recordings. I use the line source approximation to model the EAP produced by individual neurons. I compare simultaneous intracellul ...
... The goal of this thesis is to analyze the generation of single unit extracellular action potentials (EAPs), and to explore pertinent issues in the interpretation of EAP recordings. I use the line source approximation to model the EAP produced by individual neurons. I compare simultaneous intracellul ...
view - E-LIB Bremen - Universität Bremen
... this response was boosted, which is equivalent to an increase (or potentiation) in synaptic weight. This was an excellent validation of Hebbian plasticity. However, from theoretical considerations it is clear that Hebbs hypothesis is incomplete. If synapses can only potentiate and potentiation occur ...
... this response was boosted, which is equivalent to an increase (or potentiation) in synaptic weight. This was an excellent validation of Hebbian plasticity. However, from theoretical considerations it is clear that Hebbs hypothesis is incomplete. If synapses can only potentiate and potentiation occur ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... [7] and Solomon [8] provides a basis to understand the change from a conditioned avoidance to conditioned approach. In this theory an unconditioned stimulus changes an organism’s state from neutral to an evoked state A. After offset of the stimulus, the state variable does not simply decay back to t ...
... [7] and Solomon [8] provides a basis to understand the change from a conditioned avoidance to conditioned approach. In this theory an unconditioned stimulus changes an organism’s state from neutral to an evoked state A. After offset of the stimulus, the state variable does not simply decay back to t ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... Maratos-Flier 1998, Salton et al 2000). For example, NPY potently increases food consumption when given centrally but Npy-null mutant mice fail to demonstrate a significant feeding phenotype. Anorectic pathways, such as those involving alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and leptin appear to ...
... Maratos-Flier 1998, Salton et al 2000). For example, NPY potently increases food consumption when given centrally but Npy-null mutant mice fail to demonstrate a significant feeding phenotype. Anorectic pathways, such as those involving alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and leptin appear to ...
Spatially and Functionally Distinct Roles of the PI3
... were stripped and reprobed with an antibody against p85 to demonstrate equal amounts of total protein in the extracts. (B) Induction of phosphotyrosine-associated PI3-K activity in cell bodies and distal axons of sympathetic neurons after application of NGF to the distal axons. The distal axons and ...
... were stripped and reprobed with an antibody against p85 to demonstrate equal amounts of total protein in the extracts. (B) Induction of phosphotyrosine-associated PI3-K activity in cell bodies and distal axons of sympathetic neurons after application of NGF to the distal axons. The distal axons and ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... 136 T.G. Weyand: The multifunctional LGN axons segregate as they enter the LGN by eye and functional group,1 often forming layers, and (3) retinal axons terminate in discrete, orderly clusters forming the basis for a topographic (‘retinotopic’) map of the contralateral visual field (with recep ...
... 136 T.G. Weyand: The multifunctional LGN axons segregate as they enter the LGN by eye and functional group,1 often forming layers, and (3) retinal axons terminate in discrete, orderly clusters forming the basis for a topographic (‘retinotopic’) map of the contralateral visual field (with recep ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... Based on this definition a neurotransmitter could be exemplified by actylcholine (ACh) released from motor nerves to excite and contract the fibres of our skeletal muscles. Indeed the synapses there, i.e. the junctions between nerve and muscle fibres, are anatomically and chemically geared to act as ...
... Based on this definition a neurotransmitter could be exemplified by actylcholine (ACh) released from motor nerves to excite and contract the fibres of our skeletal muscles. Indeed the synapses there, i.e. the junctions between nerve and muscle fibres, are anatomically and chemically geared to act as ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... However, the overall size of the LGN was reduced, suggesting that there may be increased cell death of LGN neurons in the absence of subplate neurons. To examine whether subplate neurons beneath other neocortical areas play a similar role in the formation of thalamocortical connections, subplate neu ...
... However, the overall size of the LGN was reduced, suggesting that there may be increased cell death of LGN neurons in the absence of subplate neurons. To examine whether subplate neurons beneath other neocortical areas play a similar role in the formation of thalamocortical connections, subplate neu ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... Research has indicated that midbrain dopaminergic neurons respond with an increase in their firing rate when the situation is better than expected (positive surprise). This signal is in accordance with a reinforcement error signal. However, the low tonic discharge rate of the dopaminergic neurons su ...
... Research has indicated that midbrain dopaminergic neurons respond with an increase in their firing rate when the situation is better than expected (positive surprise). This signal is in accordance with a reinforcement error signal. However, the low tonic discharge rate of the dopaminergic neurons su ...
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
... excitability we found that the ratio of frequency adaptation in trains of action potentials (APs) evoked by current injection was correlated with the number of primary dendrites. Numerical simulations of spiking patterns in L2/3 interneurons suggested that the number of primary dendrites could accou ...
... excitability we found that the ratio of frequency adaptation in trains of action potentials (APs) evoked by current injection was correlated with the number of primary dendrites. Numerical simulations of spiking patterns in L2/3 interneurons suggested that the number of primary dendrites could accou ...
The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
... cortex, pre-motor cortex, and portions of the somatosensory dorsal parietal cortex); (ii) the dorsolateral portion of the postcommissural putamen and a small rim of the head of the caudate; and (iii) the lateral two-thirds of the globus pallidus (GPe and GPi) and a small portion of the substantia ni ...
... cortex, pre-motor cortex, and portions of the somatosensory dorsal parietal cortex); (ii) the dorsolateral portion of the postcommissural putamen and a small rim of the head of the caudate; and (iii) the lateral two-thirds of the globus pallidus (GPe and GPi) and a small portion of the substantia ni ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... True endogenous rhythmicity, in general, persists free-running even in absence of entraining environmental cues. It is controlled by internal pacemakers, or clocks, which autonomously control cellular activity levels and thereby regulate physiological and behavioural events in an oscillatory pattern ...
... True endogenous rhythmicity, in general, persists free-running even in absence of entraining environmental cues. It is controlled by internal pacemakers, or clocks, which autonomously control cellular activity levels and thereby regulate physiological and behavioural events in an oscillatory pattern ...
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Metabolic control of puberty
... be detected in GnRH neurons, but rather in other hypothalamic areas which are known to send projections to the preoptic region, where most of GnRH neurons reside. Second, while neuron-specific leptin receptor knock-out prevented the onset of puberty and caused infertility in male and female mice, sel ...
... be detected in GnRH neurons, but rather in other hypothalamic areas which are known to send projections to the preoptic region, where most of GnRH neurons reside. Second, while neuron-specific leptin receptor knock-out prevented the onset of puberty and caused infertility in male and female mice, sel ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... Remarkably, the effects of afferents in maintaining dendritic form are often spatially localized to the sites of their contacts with the postsynaptic dendrite. This is most clearly evident in a series of elegant experiments in which afferents to the ventral dendrites of neurons in the nucleus lamina ...
... Remarkably, the effects of afferents in maintaining dendritic form are often spatially localized to the sites of their contacts with the postsynaptic dendrite. This is most clearly evident in a series of elegant experiments in which afferents to the ventral dendrites of neurons in the nucleus lamina ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... the information received from gustatory receptor neurons. Whereas projections from olfactory receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In differen ...
... the information received from gustatory receptor neurons. Whereas projections from olfactory receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In differen ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
Reuss 9..48
... to entrain to light/dark-cycles, leading to the assumption that neuronal and endothelial NO may not be necessary for photic entrainment [Kriegsfeld et al., 1999]. It is, however, probable that developmental mechanisms compensate the lack of NOS. For example, it was suggested that other guanylate cyc ...
... to entrain to light/dark-cycles, leading to the assumption that neuronal and endothelial NO may not be necessary for photic entrainment [Kriegsfeld et al., 1999]. It is, however, probable that developmental mechanisms compensate the lack of NOS. For example, it was suggested that other guanylate cyc ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
Neural Networks
... specific marginal notes for easy finding Different types of chapters are directly (see the example for x in the margin). marked within the table of contents. Chapters, that are marked as "fundamental" are definitely ones to read because almost There are several kinds of indexing all subsequent chapt ...
... specific marginal notes for easy finding Different types of chapters are directly (see the example for x in the margin). marked within the table of contents. Chapters, that are marked as "fundamental" are definitely ones to read because almost There are several kinds of indexing all subsequent chapt ...
Neural Networks
... specific marginal notes for easy finding Different types of chapters are directly (see the example for x in the margin). marked within the table of contents. Chapters, that are marked as "fundamental" are definitely ones to read because almost There are several kinds of indexing all subsequent chapt ...
... specific marginal notes for easy finding Different types of chapters are directly (see the example for x in the margin). marked within the table of contents. Chapters, that are marked as "fundamental" are definitely ones to read because almost There are several kinds of indexing all subsequent chapt ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.