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Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior 1. Neurons: The Messengers A. Dendrites B. Cell Body Carries information to the cell body Also called soma C. Axon Carries information to the next cell A typical myelinated neuron D. Myelin Sheath Covers axon Insulates Speeds up impulse E. Sensory Afferent F. Motor Efferent G. Interneurons Association H. Support Cells - Glial Cells Cells that insulate and support neurons 2. The Neural Impulse or Action Potential A. Ions B. Resting Potential Charged molecules Potential Energy C. Polarization/ Depolarization Away/toward zero (neutral) The neural impulse --communication within the neuron D. Action Potential E. Graded Potentials Sudden change in charge Subthreshold stimulation Summation F. Threshold of Excitation Results in Action Potential G. All-or-None Law H. Absolute Refractory Period Cells either fire or not (no halfway) I. Another Action Potential cannot occur Relative Refractory Period Neuron would only respond to very strong impulse The neural impulse -communication within the neuron 3. The Synapse A. Synaptic Space or synaptic cleft B. Terminal button Tiny gap between neurons Enlarge area at end of axon C. Synapse Terminal button of one neuron, the space and the next neuron Synaptic transmission – communication between neurons D. Synaptic Vesicles E. Neurotransmitters Sacs in terminal button that release chemicals into synapse Chemicals released by synaptic vesicles F. Receptor Sites Location on receptor neuron for specific neurotransmitter 4. Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Important role in arousal and attention Dopamine Affects neurons associate with voluntary movement Serotonin Sets an emotional tone Endorphins Reduce pain by turning down neurons 5. Psychopharmacology Cocaine Prevents reabsorption of dopamine, leading to heightened arousal Antidepressant and antipsychotic medications use the same processes 6. Neural Plasticity Brain shaped by environment Possible child abuse marker 7. Neurogenesis Production of new brain cells Brain growth and experience 8. The Central Nervous System A. The Organization of the Nervous System Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems B. The Brain The central core Hindbrain Medulla - controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure Pons - controls sleep-wake cycle Cerebellum - coordination of movement A schematic diagram of the divisions of the nervous system and their various subparts Midbrain Thalamus - Relay from sense receptors Hypothalamus Emotions and motivation Feeding, fleeing, fighting, and sex Reticular formation Network of neurons Alert and arouse higher brain Limbic system Ring of structures important to learning and emotional behavior Four lobes of the cerebral cortex Frontal lobe Voluntary movement, attention, goal behavior, appropriate emotions Parietal lobe Sensory information from body Occipital lobe Interprets visual information Temporal lobe Hearing, balance, some emotions and motivations Parts of the brain 9. Hemispheric Specialization A. Corpus Callosum B. Language Fibers that connect hemispheres Usually located in the left hemisphere C. Cognitive and Emotional Style Left hemisphere may operate more analytically Right hemisphere may excel in spatial tasks and expression of emotions The cerebral hemispheres 10. New tools for Studying the Nervous System A. Microelectrode Techniques B. Macroelectrode Techniques Very small pipette to stim. Individual cells EEG C. Structural Imaging Computerized Axial Tomography (CT-scan) X-ray 3-D image Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic field/radio waves D. Functional Imaging EEG-electrical activity on the scalp from millions of neurons Magentoencephalography (MEG) More precise than EEG Magnetic source imaging (MSI) Similar to EEG Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - radioactive glucose Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Show function and structure 11. Spinal cord • • • • Complex cable of nerves that connects brain to rest of the body Carry motor impulses to internal organs and muscles Carry information from extremities and internal organs to the brain Permit some reflex movements 12. The Peripheral Nervous System • A. Afferent neurons • • Neurons that carry messages from sense organs to spinal cord B. Efferent Neurons • Neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands C. Somatic Nervous System Body systems D. Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Relaxation, repair, sleep, digestion, sexual arousal Sympathetic Nervous System Emergency response The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system 13. The Endocrine System A. The Thyroid Gland B. The Parathyroid Glands Controls calcium and phosphate C. The Pineal Gland Controls metabolism Regulates activity levels D. The Pancreas Regulates blood-sugar levels E. The Pituitary Gland F. Gonads Regulates many behaviors and other glands Ovaries and testes G. Adrenal Glands Reaction to stress The glands of the endocrine system 14. Genes, Evolution, and Behavior A. Genetics Heredity - transmission of trait from one generation to next Chromosomes Pairs of thread like bodies that contain genes Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Molecular in double-helix Code of life Traits Characteristics on which we differ B. Behavior Genetics Family studies Twin studies Identical twins Fraternal twins Dominant and Recessive Traits C. Evolution D. Evolutionary Psychology Natural selection E. Social Implications