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Neural and Hormonal Systems
Will Explain Why We FEEL……
Nervous
Strong
Pain
Sick
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Structure of the neuron? (draw on this card)
Parts of neuron? (define on this nc)
What is synaptic cleft?
17 note cards
What is the action potential?
What are neurotransmitters?
How does Prozac work?
What is AcH? Dopamine?
What is serotonin? Endorphins?
What is epinephrine? Norepinephrine?
What are agonists? Antagonists?
What are 3 types of neurons?
What is homeostasis?
Divisions of the nervous system? (draw chart)
What is the sympathetic NS? Parasympathetic?
What is the autonomic NS? Somatic NS?
What is the Central NS? Peripheral NS?
What is the endocrine system? Examples of major
glands?
It all Starts with the Neuron
Neuron Structure
Neurons do NOT touch each other- the
space in between is called synaptic cleft.
Neural Bases of Psychology:
The Structure of a Neuron
How a Neuron Fires
It is an electrochemical process
• Electrical inside the neuron
• Chemical outside the neuron (in
the synapse in the form of a
neurotransmitter).
• The firing is call Action
Potential.
Neural Bases of Psychology:
Neural Communication
• Within a neuron, communication occurs
through an action potential (neural
impulse that carries information along the
axon of a neuron).
The All-or None Response
• The idea that
either the
neuron fires or
it does not- no
part way firing.
• Like a gun
Steps of Action Potential
• Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another
neuron across the synapse.
• Reached its threshold- then fires based on the
all-or-none response.
• Opens up a portal in axon, and lets in positive ions
(Sodium) which mix with negative ions (Potassium)
that is already inside the axon (thus Neurons at
rest have a slightly negative charge).
• The mixing of + and – ions causes an electrical
charge that opens up the next portal (letting in
more K) while closing the original portal.
• Process continues down axon to the axon
terminal.
• Terminal buttons turns electrical charge into
chemical (neurotransmitter) and shoots message
to next neuron across the synapse.
Action Potential
How Neurons Communicate
Play doh neuron instructions
• Get in groups of 2 or 1. No trios.
• Create a neuron with playdoh on your paper.
• Include the soma, axon, dendrites, mylien
sheath and terminal buttons. (5 different colors)
• Match the terminal buttons of your neuron with
the dendrites of another (without making a
complete second neuron. Label the synapse.
• Label them on your paper.
• You may refer to p. 76 or my computer.
• Which sentence most closely describes
neural transmissions?
• A. an electric charge is created in the neuron, the
charge travels down the cell, and chemicals are
released that cross the synapse to the next cell
• B. a chemical change occurs within the cell, the
change causes an electric charge to be produced and
the charge jumps the gap between the nerve cells.
• C. the electric charge produced chemically inside a
group of neurons causes chemical changes in
surrounding cells
• D. neurotransmitters produced in the hindbrain are
transmitted to the forebrain, causing electric
Neurotransmitters
• Chemical messengers released
by terminal buttons through the
synapse.
• We should know at least 6 types
and what they do.
Acetylcholine
• Its function is motor
movement and maybe memory.
To much and you will….
Not enough and you will….
Lack of ACH has been linked to
Alzheimer’s disease.
Dopamine
• Its function is motor
movement and alertness.
Lack of dopamine
is associated
with Parkinson’s
disease.
Overabundance
is associated
with
schizophrenia.
PET scan
• Parkinsons
– Muscle rigidity
– Tremors
– Speech slur
– Difficult gait
• Before/After medicine
www. Epub.org
What type of scan
Is this?
Serotonin
• Function deals with mood
control.
Lack of serotonin
has been linked
to depression.
Endorphins
• Function deals with pain
control.
We become addicted
to endorphin causing
feelings.
What are agonists and
antagonists?
• They are drugs
• Agonists mimic neurotransmitters.
Example: Nicotine is an ACh agonist
• Antagonists block neurotransmitters:
• Ex: curare is an antagonist for ACh
(paralyzes you)
Agonists and Antagonists
• You eat some bad Chinese food and
feel you are losing control of your
muscles. The bacteria you ingested
from the food most likely interferes with
the use of:
• A. serotonin
• B. insulin
• C. acetylcholine
• D. Thorazine
• E. adrenaline
What is reuptake?
• The mopping up of excess
neurotransmitter.
How does Prozac work?
• It is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
How does Cocaine work?
The white cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine.
Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
Inter Neurons
Sensory Neurons
(Afferent Neurons)
• Take information from the
senses to the brain.
Motor Neurons
(Efferent Neurons)
• Take information from brain to
the rest of the body.
Divisions of the Nervous
System
“para” like
A parachute
• Mobilizes the body during extreme
conditions
• Considered “fight or flight” system
• Involves E activities: emergency,
excitement, exercise, and embarassment
• If you are threatened:
–Heart rate and breathing increase
–Pupils dilate
–Skin cold and sweaty
–Bronchioles dilate
• The PSNS performs maintenance
activities and conserves body energy
• If the sympathetic stimulates, the
parasympathetic slows the system back
down (think of PARAchute)
• Provides homeostasis homeo = same
Homeostasis means same state you
were in before you saw the dog!
Think how the right
side is different from
the left side.
A Simple Reflex
• A spinal reflex differs from a normal sensory and
motor reaction in that
• A. a spinal reflex occurs only in response to extremely
stressful stimuli
• B. in a spinal reflex, the spine moves the muscles in
response as soon as the sensory information reaches
the spine while usually the impulse must reach the
brain before a response
• C. in a normal sensory/motor reaction, the spine
transmits the information through afferent nerve fibers,
while reflex reactions are transmitted along special
efferent nerves
• D. spinal reflexes are part of the central nervous
system response, while normal sensory/motor
reactions are part of the peripheral nervous system
• E. spinal reflexes occur only in animals because
The Endocrine System
A system of glands that secrete
hormones.
Similar to nervous system,
except hormones work a lot
slower than neurotransmitters.
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
The Major Endocrine Glands
Don’t forget to write your answers on a
separate piece of paper to grade when
you’re done!
1. A neuron without terminal buttons would
be unable to
a) receive information from neighboring
neurons
b) generate an action potential
c) direct the synthesis of
neurotransmitters
d) secrete neurotransmitters
2. Paul Broca found that the loss of the
ability to speak intelligibly is associated
with damage to a region of the brain in the
a) left frontal lobe
b) thalamus
c) left temporal lobe
d) right parietal lobe
3. Scientists are able to see changes in the
brain as it processes information by
means of
a) lesioning
b) autopsy
c) CT
d) PET
4. The simplest behaviors we carry on
a) are learned when we are infants
b) do not involve the central nervous
system
c) are called instincts
d) include sneezing and blinking
5. Of the following, the effect of the
adrenalin on the body is most similar to
the effect of the
a) cerebellum
b) parathyroids
c) somatic nervous system
d) sympathetic nervous system
6. Mr. Jenkins’ suffered a “stroke” as a
result of a brain injury. Although he can
still move the fingers on his right hand, he
has lost sensation in these parts. Of the
following, the site of damage to his brain is
most likely in the
a) right frontal lobe
b) right temporal lobe
c) left frontal lobe
d) left parietal lobe
7. Of the following, which are located
exclusively in the central nervous system?
a) afferent neurons
b) interneurons
c) efferent neurons
d) glial cells
8. Which of the following glands interact(s)
most directly with all of the others to help
regulate body processes?
a) pituitary
b) adrenals
c) parathyroids
d) ovaries
9. Gunshot wounds, tumors, and strokes all
result in
a) infections
b) significant loss of function
c) lesions
d) pain
10. Which of the following must be males?
a) dizygotic twins
b) monozygotic twins
c) down syndrome children
d) Klinefelter’s syndrome children
11. When you are walking, the brain sends
messages to the skeletal muscles in the
legs by way of
a) efferent fibers
b) sensory fibers
c) afferent fibers
d) central fibers
12. The hindbrain structure involved with
sleep and arousal is the
a) hypothalamus
b) cerebrum
c) thalamus
d) pons
13. The basic parts of a neuron are
a) vesicles, terminal buttons, synapses
b) cell body, axon, dendrites
c) myelin, nodes, axon terminals
d) hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
14. Branches are to trees as _______ are
to neurons
a) axons
b) cell bodies
c) dendrites
d) nuclei
15. Determining the location of specific
genes on specific chromosomes is
referred to as
a) genetic mapping
b) phenomapping
c) chromosomal atlasing
d) genome projection
Chapter 3 Answer Key
1. D
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. D
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A
D
B
C
A