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What are the building blocks of nervous system? Neurons and Brain 1. Neurons 2. Glia: supports neurons Neuron: Structure Three basic parts: Neuron: Structure • Axon terminals 1. Cell body 2. Axon • Synapse 3. Dendrites Neuron: Function specialized in • Receiving • Transmitting • Processing information One way transmission: from dendrites to axon 1 How Neurons Communicate One way transmission: from dendrites to axon. 1. Electrical 2. Chemical 1. Electrical signals • Resting Potential 1 (b) Action potential - sudden change in the electrical charge across the neuron’s membrane - electrical system in equilibrium (polarization of ions) - all-or-none response (threshold) Synapse How Neurons Communicate? 2. Chemical Transmission Neurotransmitters 2 effects: 1. Excitatory generate action potential in the next neuron 2. Inhibitory more difficult for the second neuron to fire 2 Damage 1-2. Brain 3 3 Main Parts Medulla & Pons • control heart rate & breathing 2 • carry visual & auditory information 1 • respiration • movement 1. Hindbrain 2. Midbrain 3. Forebrain 3. Reticular formation a) Filters sensory information b) Regulate overall arousal in the brain • If damaged - sleepy or aroused; • facial expression • sleep Damage to Pons: Locked-in syndrome I. Hindbrain 4. Cerebellum “little brain” Coordinated motor activity Damage: poorly coordinated muscle functioning - coma 3 II. Midbrain Involve in III. Forebrain 1. Thalamus - Vision - - Hearing - Filter - Organize - Transmit - Pain-relieving function - Some motor movements Receive information from our senses (except smell) to other parts of the brain 2. Hypothalamus • Eating & drinking (amount of nutrition stored in cells) • Aggression Regulates: Sexual behavior 3. Limbic system a) Hippocampus: memory functioning b) Amygdala organizes emotions damage - inability to store new information • stimulation – elicit aggression & rage • damage – reduces aggression 4 4. Cerebral Cortex 2 hemispheres Corpus Callosum Corpus callosum A set of axons connecting the two hemispheres Split-Brain Phenomenon 1. Occipital Lobe Vision 4 regions or lobes 2. Parietal Lobe a) spatial awareness “neglect” phenomenon Damage: • “Blindness” • Face-blindness • Inability to recognize colors • Motion-blindness 5 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Frontal lobe a) Primary Motor Cortex Sensory Cortex Processes information about pain, touch, temperature 3. Frontal lobe b) “executive system “ 4. Temporal Lobe - hearing - some aspects of vision - Planing Damage to the L hemisphere - Decision making inability to understand spoken words - Forming concepts Damage to the R hemisphere - Processing & storing information recognize speech, but not organizations of sound (melody, tune) - Self-regulation 6