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Download Central Nervous System Honors Biology Mr. Lee Room 320
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Nervous System Honors Biology Facilitator: Mr. Lee Room 320 Objectives • Describe how the nervous system helps the body maintain homeostasis • Summarize the functions of the: – – – – Cerebrum Brain stem Cerebellum Spinal Cord • Describe the structure of a neuron • Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted Introduction • The nervous system controls many functions of the body needed for homeostasis • Neurons are the specialized cells that make up the nervous system – There are two major divisions of the nervous system: – Central nervous system – Peripheral nervous system Nervous system Introduction… • Central nervous system: – Relays messages, processes information & analyzes information – Includes the brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system: – Includes all the neurons besides ones in the brain and spinal cord – Sensory (afferent) neurons collect information from the body and transmit toward the CNS – Motor (efferent) neurons transmit information away from the CNS Brain • Contains about 100 billion neurons • Has a mass of about 1.4 kilograms • Cerebrum: – Largest region of the brain – Responsible for voluntary, or conscious activities of the body – Site of intelligence, learning, and judgment – A deep grove divides the cerebrum into the right and left hemispheres Brain Stem • Links the cerebrum with the spinal cord • Upper Brain stem-Diencephalon: – Thalamus directs most incoming sensory signals to the proper region of the cerebral cortex – Hypothalamus controls a lot of hormone production – Part of the limbic system: • Also includes parts of the cerebral cortex and temporal lobes • Important role in emotions, memory, and motivation Brain Stem… • Lower Brain stem: – Three main divisions: • Midbrain-relay center for visual & auditory information • Pons- relay center between the neurons of the cerebral hemispheres & cerebellum • Medulla oblongata- both a relay center & controls things like heart rate and respiration – Reticular formation: • Network of neurons that goes throughout the brain stem • Helps controls respiration, circulation, and filters incoming signals Cerebellum • • • • Located below the occipital lobes Coordinates muscle actions Processes information about body position Works with brain stem motor centers and cerebral cortex for motor responses (stimulates or inhibits skeletal muscle contractions) The Spinal Cord • Connects the brain with the rest of the nervous system • Starts in the medulla oblongata and runs down the vertebral column • Has an outer sheath of white matter made mainly of axons of neurons • There is a rigid inner core of gray matter made mainly of the cell bodies of neurons Reflex Arc Neurons • Messages carried by the nervous system are electrical signals called impulses • Neurons are the type of cell that transmits these impulses • Action potential- transmission of a signal along the axon of a neuron Neurons… • There are three classification of neurons: – Sensory neurons- carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain (CNS) – Motor neurons- carries impulses from the brain and the spinal cord (CNS) to muscles and glands – Interneurons- connects sensory and motor neurons and carries impulses between them Neuron Structure • Cell body- largest part of a typical neuron – Has a nucleus and cytoplasm – Most of the metabolic activity of the cell takes place in the cell body • Dendrites- short-branched extensions spreading out from the cell body – Receive action potential from other neurons Neuron Structure… • Axon- long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body – The ends are called axon terminals Neuron Structure… • Myelin sheath: – Lipid layer that covers most axons – Insulates the axon – Speeds up transmission of action potential – Produced by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system – Nodes of Ranvier- gaps in the myelin sheath Neuron Structure… • Synaptic cleft: – Small gap between the end of the axon or one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another – Neurotransmitters: • Chemicals that are released in the synaptic cleft • They cause electrical activity in the second neuron Review • Describe how the nervous system helps the body maintain homeostasis: – The nervous system helps to control the bodies functions. • Summarize the functions of the: – Cerebrum: • Responsible for voluntary, or conscious activities of the body • Site of intelligence, learning, and judgment – Brain stem: • Links the cerebrum with the spinal cord • Controls many basic body functions – Cerebellum: • Coordinates muscle actions – Spinal Cord: • Connects the brain with the rest of the nervous system Review… • Describe the structure of a neuron: – Cell body- largest part of a typical neuron – Dendrites- short-branched extensions spreading out from the cell body – Axon- long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body – Myelin sheath- lipid layer that covers most axons Review… • Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted: – Neurotransmitters: • Chemicals that are released in the synaptic cleft • They cause electrical activity in the second neuron Learn Long Live Long