Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Reelin Signaling in the Adult
... The study of Reelin signaling and its role in cortical development is responsible for the large preponderance of known signaling mechanism. For that reason, section one will consist of an overview of cortical development followed by a more specific discussion of major and aspiring players in the Re ...
... The study of Reelin signaling and its role in cortical development is responsible for the large preponderance of known signaling mechanism. For that reason, section one will consist of an overview of cortical development followed by a more specific discussion of major and aspiring players in the Re ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
Highwire Regulates Guidance of Sister Axons in the
... other, and occasionally one lobe is nearly absent (Fig. 1 B, asterisk). This unequal distribution of the axonal projections between the ␣ and  lobes was observed in 86% of the hiw⌬N MBs (n ⫽ 70), whereas all the examined WT MBs were normal (n ⫽ 85). This phenotype is also present in a second, genet ...
... other, and occasionally one lobe is nearly absent (Fig. 1 B, asterisk). This unequal distribution of the axonal projections between the ␣ and  lobes was observed in 86% of the hiw⌬N MBs (n ⫽ 70), whereas all the examined WT MBs were normal (n ⫽ 85). This phenotype is also present in a second, genet ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... replacing the BGH 3⬘ UTR of the previously described GFP-BGH construct (An et al., 2008) with either the normal human Bdnf 3⬘ UTR (pBDNF-h3⬘UTR) or a human Bdnf 3⬘ UTR containing the G allele of SNP6 (pBDNF-h3⬘UTRsnp6g). The two constructs produce both transcripts with either a short or a long Bdnf ...
... replacing the BGH 3⬘ UTR of the previously described GFP-BGH construct (An et al., 2008) with either the normal human Bdnf 3⬘ UTR (pBDNF-h3⬘UTR) or a human Bdnf 3⬘ UTR containing the G allele of SNP6 (pBDNF-h3⬘UTRsnp6g). The two constructs produce both transcripts with either a short or a long Bdnf ...
ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ داوری ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﮕﺮه ﻋﻠﻮم اﻋﺼﺎب ﭘﺎﯾﻪ و ﺑﺎ
... The exercise effect on excitability and paired-pulse inhibition response at dentate gyrus of hippocampus in chronic stress rats The Role of protein phosphatase ١ in the spatial learning and memory improvement induced by salicylate in rats Orexin-٢ receptors in hippocampal CA١ area are involved in ex ...
... The exercise effect on excitability and paired-pulse inhibition response at dentate gyrus of hippocampus in chronic stress rats The Role of protein phosphatase ١ in the spatial learning and memory improvement induced by salicylate in rats Orexin-٢ receptors in hippocampal CA١ area are involved in ex ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... Glutamate is also taken up into glia and neurons via the SLC1A family of genes, also known as the high affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). This gene family regulates the levels of extracellular glutamate to prevent excitotoxicity. In astrocytes and oligodendroglia, glutamate can be ...
... Glutamate is also taken up into glia and neurons via the SLC1A family of genes, also known as the high affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). This gene family regulates the levels of extracellular glutamate to prevent excitotoxicity. In astrocytes and oligodendroglia, glutamate can be ...
Mechanisms of Leptin Action and Leptin Resistance
... LRb signaling, feedback inhibition, and the regulation of physiology. Leptin binding to the extracellular domain of LRb, the functional leptin receptor isoform, mediates the activation of the intracellular, LRb-associated Jak2 tyrosine kinase, resulting in Jak2 autophosphorylation on tyrosine residu ...
... LRb signaling, feedback inhibition, and the regulation of physiology. Leptin binding to the extracellular domain of LRb, the functional leptin receptor isoform, mediates the activation of the intracellular, LRb-associated Jak2 tyrosine kinase, resulting in Jak2 autophosphorylation on tyrosine residu ...
The dynamic cytoskeleton: backbone of dendritic spine plasticity
... microtubules under physiological conditions. Nonetheless it is possible that a population of highly dynamic, unstable microtubules were depolymerized during the fixation process, making the subcellular localization of these microtubules impossible to determine. The absence of microtubules in spines ...
... microtubules under physiological conditions. Nonetheless it is possible that a population of highly dynamic, unstable microtubules were depolymerized during the fixation process, making the subcellular localization of these microtubules impossible to determine. The absence of microtubules in spines ...
A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system
... Kramer et al. 2000). Characterization of the functions and regulation of Cdh1–APC and Cdc20–APC in dividing cells has provided invaluable clues for our understanding of the novel functions and mechanisms of the anaphasepromoting complex in the nervous system. Identification of functions of the anaph ...
... Kramer et al. 2000). Characterization of the functions and regulation of Cdh1–APC and Cdc20–APC in dividing cells has provided invaluable clues for our understanding of the novel functions and mechanisms of the anaphasepromoting complex in the nervous system. Identification of functions of the anaph ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
... disorders. Over time, interest shifted to defining the neurobiology of mental disorders. In this service, EEG sleep staging became a tool to be used in either diagnosis or validation of the biological nature of mental disorders. A second, nonpsychiatric, line of investigation during this time concer ...
... disorders. Over time, interest shifted to defining the neurobiology of mental disorders. In this service, EEG sleep staging became a tool to be used in either diagnosis or validation of the biological nature of mental disorders. A second, nonpsychiatric, line of investigation during this time concer ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on the tarsae and the abdomen have been described. However, physiological characteristics o ...
... neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on the tarsae and the abdomen have been described. However, physiological characteristics o ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... GSK-3 activity led to a defect in axon development in hippocampal neurons. However, Wnts also reportedly stimulate the extension of postcrossing commissural axons (Lyuksyutova et al., 2003). Further, two recent studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures ...
... GSK-3 activity led to a defect in axon development in hippocampal neurons. However, Wnts also reportedly stimulate the extension of postcrossing commissural axons (Lyuksyutova et al., 2003). Further, two recent studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... and food consumption (discussed below) (Hagan et al 1999, Ida et al 1999, Sakurai et al 1998). Two recent reports highlight the importance of orexin signaling in the promotion and consolidation of wakefulness. Our group discovered that orexin neuropeptide knockout mice have a phenotype remarkably si ...
... and food consumption (discussed below) (Hagan et al 1999, Ida et al 1999, Sakurai et al 1998). Two recent reports highlight the importance of orexin signaling in the promotion and consolidation of wakefulness. Our group discovered that orexin neuropeptide knockout mice have a phenotype remarkably si ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... axonal pathway from the eye to the LoC involves axo-axonic transfer of NGF with receptor switching (p75 to trkA) in the optic tectum. In addition to the axonal pathway, the LoC of chick embryos has privileged access to the CSF through a specialized glial/ependymal cell type, the tanycyte. The avian ...
... axonal pathway from the eye to the LoC involves axo-axonic transfer of NGF with receptor switching (p75 to trkA) in the optic tectum. In addition to the axonal pathway, the LoC of chick embryos has privileged access to the CSF through a specialized glial/ependymal cell type, the tanycyte. The avian ...
MARCKS modulates radial progenitor placement
... 2003; Suzuki et al., 2001; Wodarz et al., 2000; Yamanaka et al., 2001). Moreover, PIP2 has recently been shown to complex with key components of the polarity machinery, including PTEN, CDC42 and aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their p ...
... 2003; Suzuki et al., 2001; Wodarz et al., 2000; Yamanaka et al., 2001). Moreover, PIP2 has recently been shown to complex with key components of the polarity machinery, including PTEN, CDC42 and aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their p ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... 1817). Loss of neuromelanin-containing dopamine (DA) cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is one of the main neuropathological hallmarks of the disease with the presence of Lewy bodies. Lewy bodies are abnormal aggregates of alpha-synuclein fibrils inside neurons. In the early stages of ...
... 1817). Loss of neuromelanin-containing dopamine (DA) cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is one of the main neuropathological hallmarks of the disease with the presence of Lewy bodies. Lewy bodies are abnormal aggregates of alpha-synuclein fibrils inside neurons. In the early stages of ...
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease
The biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common causes of adult dementia, is as yet not well understood. AD has been identified as a protein misfolding disease due to the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Amyloid beta, also written Aβ, is a short peptide that is an abnormal proteolytic byproduct of the transmembrane protein amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose function is unclear but thought to be involved in neuronal development. The presenilins are components of proteolytic complex involved in APP processing and degradation.Amyloid beta monomers are soluble and contain short regions of beta sheet and polyproline II helix secondary structures in solution, though they are largely alpha helical in membranes; however, at sufficiently high concentration, they undergo a dramatic conformational change to form a beta sheet-rich tertiary structure that aggregates to form amyloid fibrils. These fibrils deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques or neuritic plaques, in less dense aggregates as diffuse plaques, and sometimes in the walls of small blood vessels in the brain in a process called amyloid angiopathy or congophilic angiopathy.AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein, a microtubule-associated protein expressed in neurons that normally acts to stabilize microtubules in the cell cytoskeleton. Like most microtubule-associated proteins, tau is normally regulated by phosphorylation; however, in AD patients, hyperphosphorylated tau accumulates as paired helical filaments that in turn aggregate into masses inside nerve cell bodies known as neurofibrillary tangles and as dystrophic neurites associated with amyloid plaques. Although little is known about the process of filament assembly, it has recently been shown that a depletion of a prolyl isomerase protein in the parvulin family accelerates the accumulation of abnormal tau.Neuroinflammation is also involved in the complex cascade leading to AD pathology and symptoms. Considerable pathological and clinical evidence documents immunological changes associated with AD, including increased pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Whether these changes may be a cause or consequence of AD remains to be fully understood, but inflammation within the brain, including increased reactivity of the resident microglia towards amyloid deposits, has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.