Download Chapter 23 take home test File

Chapter 23
1. Which organ system(s) control or regulate body activities?
a) nervous system
b) endocrine system
c) immune system
d) circulatory system
e) Both a) and b) control or regulate body activity.
2. Which of the following organisms does NOT have a brain?
a) house flies
b) ants
c) fleas
d) None of the above organisms possesses a brain.
e) Ants, fleas, and house flies all possess brains.
3. Animal nervous systems have several principal features. These include all of the
following EXCEPT
a) initiating responses to the information they receive from the world, when necessary.
b) receiving input from the world around the organism.
c) coordinating long-term growth and development in an organism.
d) processing the information from the world that an organism receives.
e) All of the above are principal features of animal nervous systems.
4. What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron?
a) Nerves have dendrites that can be modified into sensory cells, while neurons do not
have dendrites.
b) Nerves have synapses with muscle cells, while neurons have synapses with other
neurons.
c) A nerve is a bundle of axons, while a neuron is a single cell that has only a single axon.
d) Nerve is the name given for specialized nervous system cells that receive and transmit
information, while neuron describes a nerve cell in humans.
e) There is no difference. They are different words for the same structure.
5. The central portion of a neuron where most of the metabolic work is performed is called
the
a) axon.
b) nucleus.
c) mitochondria.
d) cell body.
e) dendrite.
6. Though both extend from every neuron, dendrites and axons differ in many ways and
functions. Which of the following is NOT a correct difference between the two?
a) Dendrites tend to reach shorter distances in the body then axons.
b) Dendrites receive electrical impulses from other neurons. Axons send electrical impulses
to other neurons.
c) Dendrites tend to be thinner then axons.
d) A neuron might have more than one dendrite. There is never more than one axon per
neuron.
e) Bundles of dendrites from several cells are called nerves. Axons do not form bundles.
7. External signals are first picked up by which part of a neuron?
a) nucleus
b) dendrites
c) axon
d) cell body
e) neuroglia
8. Puffer fish can be toxic to eat because they contain tetrodotoxin, a poison that blocks
voltage-gated sodium channels. If you consumed this toxin, what effect would this have on
motor neurons?
a) It would induce apoptosis, a programmed cell death.
b) It would cause an immediate release of neurotransmitters.
c) It would cause sustained contraction of muscles.
d) It would prevent the occurrence of action potentials.
e) It would completely block the release of neurotransmitters.
9. An action potential is initiated by
a) the rapid pumping of potassium ions from the outside of the cell to the inside of the
axon.
b) the rapid pumping of sodium ions from the inside of the axon to the outside of the cell.
c) the opening of a large number of sodium ion channels.
d) the opening of a potassium channel.
e) the opening of a large number of calcium channels in the axon.
10. An action potential
a) is a fast but brief change in a membrane potential.
b) occurs in the dendrite but not the axon.
c) occurs in the axon but not the dendrite.
d) causes the neuron membrane potential to briefly become very negative before returning
to its resting potential, which is positive.
e) Both a) and d) are correct.
11. The axons of neurons are often enclosed by a fatty protective coating called
a) the myelin sheath.
b) synapses.
c) blubber.
d) cholesterol.
e) cell walls.
12. Mercury poisoning can damage the myelin sheath that surround some neurons. This is
most similar to the effects of which disease?
a) myasthenia gravis
b) Bell's palsy
c) multiple sclerosis
d) Alzheimer’s disease
e) Parkinson’s disease
13. Which of the choices below properly describes the difference between the “gray” and
“white” matter of the nervous system?
a) The white matter is composed of the unmyelinated fibers, and the gray matter is
composed of the myelinated fibers.
b) The white matter is composed of the sensory neurons, while the gray matter is
composed of the motor neurons.
c) The white matter is composed of the myelinated fibers, and the gray matter is composed
of the unmyelinated fibers.
d) The white matter is composed of the neuron bodies, while the gray matter is composed
of the axons and dendrites.
e) None of the above are correct.
14. Impulses must travel from neuron to neuron and neuron to muscle cell in an
uninterrupted chain so that all the important messages necessary for survival are properly
conveyed. How are impulses transferred from a neuron cell to its receiving cell?
a) An electrical impulse travels down the axon of a neuron and is transferred to the
receiving neuron through the release of neurotransmitters.
b) An electrical impulse travels down the axon of neuron and “jumps” across the synapse
by propelling the electricity across the space.
c) An electrical impulse travels down the axon of a neuron and ends when it reaches the
synapse.
d) An electrical impulse travels down the axon of one neuron and is transferred to a
receiving cell through direct contact.
e) None of the above are correct.
15. Why is it useful for some neurons to send inhibitory, rather than stimulatory impulses
at a synapse with another neuron?
a) One inhibitory impulse overrides at least five stimulatory impulses; this ensures that
pathways can be shut down fast if necessary.
b) It allows the body to use single, long neurons from their brain to muscles.
c) It allows the body to use single, long neurons from their sensory structures directly to
the brain.
d) Inhibitory impulses increase your awareness of sights and sounds around you.
e) It allows for the modulation and filtering of an overwhelming number of sensory
messages.
16. The synapse consists of
a) a presynaptic neuron and its neurotransmitters.
b) the interface between a neuron and another neuron or muscle cell or gland.
c) a release of neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft.
d) the membrane depolarization that occurs at gaps in the myelin sheath.
e) None of the above are correct.
17. As long as a neurotransmitter is present in the synapse, its effect on the receiving cell is
continuous. Which of the following is NOT a method of controlling the number of
neurotransmitters in the synapse?
a) The neurotransmitter can simply diffuse away from the synaptic cleft.
b) An enzyme can break down the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.
c) Another neurotransmitter can enter the synapse and outcompete the neurotransmitter
already present.
d) The neurotransmitter can be recycled after reuptake by the presynaptic axon.
e) None of the above are correct.
18. You are sitting outside and feel an insect trying to bite your arm. Now follow the
impulse of the insect landing on your skin through to the physical action of swatting the
insect with your hand. Which of the following shows the correct order of the different types
of neurons that are involved in this situation?
a) motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron
b) sensory neuron, motor neuron
c) sensory neuron, interneuron, muscular neuron, motor neuron
d) sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron
e) interneuron, motor neuron
19. Botulinum toxin (Botox) is one of the most poisonous substances known. A few
hundred grams is enough to kill every person on Earth. Botox causes paralysis in its
victims. Which neurotransmitter does Botox most likely affect?
a) serotonin
b) glutamate
c) dopamine
d) endorphins
e) acetylcholine
20. Black Widow spider venom triggers the release of acetylcholine. If you were bitten by a
Black Widow, what would you take to counter the venom’s effects?
a) antibiotics
b) cocaine
c) muscle relaxants
d) Prozac
e) coffee
21. Which neurotransmitter is associated with initiating and coordinating movement, as
well as stimulating feelings of intense pleasure?
a) serotonin
b) dopamine
c) glutamate
d) acetylcholine
e) None of the above are correct.
22. Why have animals evolved with the bulk of their sensory equipment at the “front end”
of their bodies?
a) Only the ends of the spinal cord can form sensory structures, and by chance it was the
front end instead of the rear end of the cord that developed these structures.
b) Sensory equipment must be near a large processing center like the brain for it to be
effective.
c) Sensory equipment is at the front because animals are bilaterally symmetrical.
d) The front end is the part of the body that encounters new things in the environment first.
e) The brain is at the front end, so that's why all the sensory equipment is there.
23. What is the process or processes by which all our senses operate?
a) Outside stimuli cause the firing of action potentials in sensory neurons that are
perceived when reaching the brain.
b) Outside stimuli alter the rate of neurotransmitter secretion to increase or decrease the
rate of stimulating action potentials in a neighboring neuron.
c) Outside stimuli are sensed directly by the brain and action potentials are sent out via
sensory neurons.
d) All of the above are correct.
e) Both a) and b) are correct.
24. Which of the following is NOT true about the sense of taste?
a) Some foods elicit a sensation that is both a combination of both taste and smell.
b) A food molecule that binds to a chemoreceptor protein initiates an action potential in the
cell containing that protein.
c) Sugar substitutes must share a strong similarity to regular sugar in order to be tasted as
“sweet.”
d) Some animals have taste receptors on structures outside their mouths.
e) Molecules that can stimulate a particular type of chemoreceptor will also stimulate
chemoreceptors of different types, as long as they are all located on the tongue.
25. The five types of taste chemoreceptors include those for sweet, salty, and bitter food.
What are the remaining two types?
a) sour and umami
b) hot and cold
c) intense and spicy
d) spicy and bland
e) None of the above are correct.
26. Which of the following is NOT true about taste receptors?
a) They are modified epithelial cells connected to sensory neurons.
b) Taste receptors are stimulated only by molecules with exactly the right shape.
c) They are sometimes found on animal legs and antennae.
d) Humans sense a large variety of tastes because most foods stimulate several different
receptors at once.
e) All of the above are true.
27. When you put a piece of chocolate on your tongue, your brain registers a sensation of
sweetness. What aspect of molecules is responsible for their having a particular taste?
a) the molecule’s shape
b) the ratio of covalent bonds to ionic bonds joining the atoms of the molecule
c) the total number of electron shells in the atoms of the molecule
d) the amount of hydrogen bonds in the molecule (more hydrogen bonds = sweeter taste)
e) the total number of protons in the molecule
28. Which of the following is TRUE about the sense of smell?
a) Snakes smell through their nostrils, like most vertebrates. They breathe with their
tongues.
b) There are five different types of chemoreceptors in the nasal cavity, one recently
discovered called umami.
c) Human men, having evolved as hunters, are significantly better than females in
detecting, distinguishing, and identifying odors.
d) Salmon have such good senses of smell that they can locate their home stream by the
“smell” of its water emptying into the ocean.
e) Humans have more than 40 times the smell receptors as dogs, but we use dogs to sniff
out bombs because they are trainable and, if they are killed, it is ethically more palatable
than the loss of human life.
29. Which of the following organisms can detect the smallest amount of an airborne
chemical?
a) dogs
b) moths
c) human females
d) lizards
e) human males
30. Which of the following is NOT true about the sense of smell?
a) There are more than a thousand different types of smell receptors.
b) Dendrites with hair-like projections register smelly molecules.
c) The brain has a “center” where impulses from the nose are interpreted.
d) The sense of smell works in a dramatically different fashion than our sense of taste.
e) All of the above are true.
31. Why is it sometimes hard to separate the sense of smell from the sense of taste?
a) Food molecules placed in the mouth can evaporate and circulate throughout the mouth,
throat, and nasal passages.
b) Both smell and taste use the same neural pathways to the brain, confusing our
perception of taste and smell.
c) Most people these days have slight nasal congestion from air pollution and so cannot
smell or taste very well.
d) Both smell and taste use the same chemoreceptors, making them really the same sense.
e) None of the above are plausible explanations.
32. Within the vertebrate eye there is a crystalline protein that is in charge of making fine
adjustments in the focus of images on the photosensitive layer. What is the name of this
crystalline protein?
a) retina
b) cornea
c) iris
d) lens
e) pupil
33. The photosensitive layer in the vertebrate eye is the
a) iris.
b) retina.
c) lens.
d) cornea.
e) pupil.
34. The sense of hearing differs fundamentally from those of taste and smell because
a) hearing involves mechanoreception, while taste and smell rely on chemoreception.
b) hearing does not involve sensory neurons, while taste and smell do.
c) we have two organs of hearing but only one for taste and smell.
d) hearing is sensed in a totally different part of the head than taste and smell.
e) hearing is processed in a unique and separate area of the brain, while taste and smell
sensations are processed in the same area of the brain.
35. Which of the following chains of events is ordered in the correct sequence concerning
the process of hearing?
a) auditory neurons fire, brain receives signal, hair cells vibrate, sound enters the ear
b) sound enters the ear, hair cells vibrate, auditory neurons fire, brain receives signal
c) hair cells vibrate, eardrum vibrates, sound enters the ear, auditory neurons fire, brain
receives signal
d) brain receives signal, auditory neurons fire, sound enters the ear, hair cells vibrate
e) eardrum vibrates, sound enters the ear, hair cells vibrate, auditory neurons fire, brain
receives signal
36. The semicircular canals of the inner ear are involved with
a) motion detection.
b) protecting the body from very loud sounds.
c) echolocation.
d) detecting high-frequency (high-pitched) sounds.
e) detecting very-low-volume sounds.
37. Which sensation is NOT part of the sensory apparatus in a fingertip?
a) mechanoreception
b) thermoreception
c) chemoreception
d) pain reception
e) All of the above are part of the sensory apparatus in fingers.
38. Sensory receptors in your skin include
a) mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and pain receptors.
b) mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, and
pain receptors.
c) mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and pain receptors.
d) mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and electromagnetic receptors.
e) chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and electromagnetic receptors.
39. Which of the following animals is most likely to detect heat differences in their
environment?
a) snakes
b) sharks
c) orca whales
d) bats
e) birds
40. Sensory cells that detect balance and motion in animals are always
a) inside the animal's ear.
b) less powerful that human sensory cells.
c) chemoreceptors.
d) thermoreceptors.
e) a kind of hair cell.
41. Sharks can detect small changes in electrical currents in order that they can
a) mask their own electrical pulses from other sharks that might eat them.
b) tell if they are ascending or descending as they swim.
c) navigate.
d) detect prey swimming nearby.
e) tell if it is nighttime or daytime.
42. Of what probable use is the ability to sense magnetic fields?
a) Magnetic field detection allows flocks of birds and schools of fish to fly and swim in
formation since each bird or fish can detect the location of its neighbor.
b) Magnetic fields can generate electricity; prey animals can avoid electric-shocking
predators like electric eels.
c) It allows both invertebrates and vertebrates to sense “up” from “down.”
d) It is used by predators to detect the magnetic fields generated by their prey.
e) Magnetic field detection allows migrating animals to navigate over long distances.
43. Hundreds of thousands of cylindrical subunits called __________ are what comprise the
bulk of volume in a muscle fiber.
a) myofibrils
b) cardiac muscles
c) triceps
d) tendons
e) actins
44. Each muscle cell type is grouped as either voluntary or involuntary. The choices below
arrange a cell type with its type of control. Select the INCORRECT pairing.
a) smooth muscle cells: voluntary
b) smooth muscle cells: involuntary
c) cardiac muscle cells: involuntary
d) skeletal muscle cells: voluntary
e) All of the above choices are correct pairings.
45. Which of the following choices correctly arranges the different muscular elements from
smallest to largest.
a) myofibrils, myosin filaments, actin, muscle fibers
b) myosin filaments, actin, myofibrils, muscle fibers
c) muscle fibers, myosin filaments, myofibrils, actin
d) muscle fibers, myofibrils, myosin filaments, actin
e) actin, myosin filaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers
46. Why do you think that slow-twitch fibers are also referred to as red muscle and fasttwitch fibers are referred to as white muscle?
a) Slow-twitch fibers contain more myoglobin per cell than fast-twitch fibers.
b) Slow-twitch fibers receive more blood supply than fast-twitch fibers.
c) Slow-twitch fibers have less mitochondria per cell then fast-twitch fibers.
d) All of the above choices are correct.
e) Only choices a) and b) are correct.
47. The time it takes for one full sequence of a contraction and a relaxation is called the
_________ speed.
a) reaction
b) twitch
c) action
d) pump
e) flex
48. In muscle cells, ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate in order to directly
a) stimulate contraction of a sarcomere.
b) create a “fast-twitch”; no ATP is used in a “slow-twitch.”
c) “cock” or bend the myosin proteins, storing energy in the new configuration.
d) push the myosin along the actin filament.
e) None of the above are correct.
49. A person is born with a specific brain defect in which the two hemispheres of their
cerebrum are no longer able to “talk” to each other (they are no longer connected). This
person is born without a
a) hippocampus.
b) medulla oblongata.
c) brain stem.
d) hypothalamus.
e) corpus callosum.
50. The brain is divided into which of the following three main regions?
a) hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
b) hindbrain, cerebellum, and hypothamalus
c) midbrain, cerebrum, and brain stem
d) brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebrum
e) hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and cerebrum
51. In a terrible car accident, a person receives a severe blow to their head that damages
one specific region of their brain, causing their heart to stop beating. What region is this
most likely to be?
a) thalamus
b) hippocampus
c) cerebellum
d) medulla
e) corpus callosum
52. A person suffers a stroke that damages the Wernicke’s area in his left temporal lobe.
Which of the following is a likely result or symptom of this damage?
a) The person will have amnesia.
b) The person can retrieve memories from childhood that were otherwise “forgotten.”
c) The person can talk normally but does not understand what he is saying.
d) The person can talk with a foreign accent.
e) The person cannot understand the speech of others and cannot form words properly in
his own speech.
53. Which part of the limbic system is responsible for the transfer of short-term memory to
long-term memory?
a) the frontal lobe
b) the hippocampus
c) the pons
d) the amygdala
e) the hypothalamus
54. Broca's Area of the brain is responsible for
a) associating emotional feelings with memories.
b) producing sensations of pleasure and pain
c) coordinating speech.
d) storing and retrieving memories.
e) language comprehension.
55. What effect does cocaine have on the human nervous system?
a) It increases dopamine release.
b) It blocks dopamine re-uptake.
c) It increases serotonin release.
d) It blocks serotonin re-uptake.
e) Both c) and d) are correct.
56. Morphine and heroin are known for their effect in
a) mimicking the effect of endorphins.
b) binding to acetylcholine receptors.
c) blocking serotonin reabsorption.
d) preventing dopamine reabsorption.
e) None of the above are true.
57. Morphine, heroin, and other opiate drugs mimic what type of biological signal
molecule?
a) dopamines
b) endorphins
c) pheromones
d) hormones
e) corticosteroids
58. Caffeine blocks what type of receptors in the human nervous system?
a) acetylcholine
b) noreprinephrine
c) adenosine
d) serotonin
e) dopamine
59. The buildup of adenosine in the brain causes
a) sleepiness.
b) the release of caffeine.
c) brain cells to use more glucose.
d) alertness.
e) adenosine receptors to turn off.
60. Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with high consumption of alcoholic
beverages over long periods of time?
a) overexcitability
b) liver disease
c) risky behaviors
d) automobile crashes
e) cancer
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Short Answer Questions
1. Compare and contrast the peripheral and central nervous systems.
2. Define an action potential and the function it plays in the nervous system.
3. Briefly describe the four main types of neurotransmitters.
Essay Questions
1. Cite several examples of recreational or therapeutic drugs, and describe why people
must increase their intake of these drugs over time to obtain the same response.
2. What is multiple sclerosis (MS), and how does it affect the central nervous system?