Download 3-Biological Bases-table - Miami Beach Senior High School

Neuroscience and Behavior
How Neurons Communicate
Neurons
Term
Explanation
Application/Example/Extension
Neurons are the building blocks, or messengers, which travel throughout the nervous system allowing communication
Parts of a Dendrites- the part of a neuron which receives
As dendrites grow in size, like a bush growing in size, then
Neuron
information from other neurons
communication between neurons will be quicker because
neurotransmitters do not travel very far to the next neuron.
Neurons don’t regenerate
Axons- part of a neuron where neural impulses take
The longest part of a neuron
place, which enables information to be sent to other
neurons
Myelin sheath- insulates, or covers the axon, which
When myelin sheath starts to disintegrate, or disappear
helps to speed up communication
then multiple sclerosis could develop
Nodes of Ranvier- are gaps in the myelin
sheath
Neurotransmitters- chemical messengers that travel across a synapse from one neuron to another influencing
whether an action potential will occur
Synapse- the gap between neurons that neurotransmitters cross
Neurons are able to communicate through an action potential, which is a brief electrical charge that travels through a neuron
allowing a neurotransmitter, or messenger, to exit the neuron and go to another neuron
Neural
Resting potential- each neuron sits, or rests at a - Like the water in your toilet at a constant level waiting to
Impulse
70 charge, which is the only time the neuron is
be flushed.
(action
capable of firing an action potential
potential)
Process
Depolarization- a
Threshold- through the
Think about the threshold as the height requirement to ride
Begins
message from
process of depolarization the an amusement park roller coaster. If you are above the
another neuron
inside becomes positive;
height line then you can ride (same as a charge being
causes the inside of once this charge exceeds the above the threshold) allowing an action potential to occur
the neuron to
threshold, which is the
become positive as minimum level of
sodium starts to
stimulation necessary to
enter
cause an action potential,
then the neuron fires.
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Neuroscience and Behavior
All-or-none potential- a neuron will fire each Similar to when you fire a gun- the bullet comes out the
time with the same amount of intensity
same way every time you pull the trigger
Process
Finishes
Repolarization- occurs right after the action
potential as potassium moves out of the inside of
the cell restoring the inside back to a negative
charge
Hyperpolarization- occurs right after the process
of repolarization because the inside of the cell’s
charge becomes too low, or below the -70 charge.
Nervous Systems
Excitatory messagemakes it more likely
the neuron will
depolarize, causing
an action potential
Central
nervous
system
Peripheral
nervous
system
Inhibitory messagemakes it more likely
neuron will hyperpolarize,
not causing an action
potential
Think about RE-polarization as RE-storing the charge
back to -70
Hyperpolarization
A refractory period is similar to the
is referred to as a
moment after you flush a toilet- until
refractory period, the water returns back to its original
as during this
level you can’t flush again, similar
period the neuron
to a neuron returning back to -70
can’t fire until the
before it can fire another action
charge returns back potential
to -70
Remember excitatory means to EXCITE- when the neuron
becomes excited it fires an action potential.
Inhibit means to stop, or slow down an action potential
Includes the brain
and spinal cord
Interneurons- neurons
Remember the spinal cord in centrally located in your body
located within and only
travel and communicate in
the central nervous system
The Peripheral nervous system connects the body to the central nervous system
An example of the somatic nervous system would
Parts of the Peripheral Somatic nervous system- part of
the peripheral nervous system
be moving your arm- you are voluntarily moving
Nervous System
which controls voluntary
your arm
movements
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Neuroscience and Behavior
Autonomic nervous system- part
of the peripheral nervous system
which controls involuntary
movements
Parts of the Autonomic Sympathetic nervous systempart of the autonomic nervous
nervous system
system that speeds up the body
Parasympathetic nervous
system- part of the autonomic
nervous system that calms the
body down
Neurons
and Nerves
An example of the autonomic nervous system is
your heart rate, which occurs involuntary or
automatically
An example of the sympathetic nervous system
would be your heart racing, or speeding up as
you almost get into a car accident.
S-ympathetic= S-peed up the body
An example of the parasympathetic nervous
system would be your heart-rate retuning back
to its normal rate as the accident is over.
P-utting back heart rate= P-arasympathetic
Sensory neurons- are
Interneurons- are
Motor neurons are neurons
neurons that travel
neurons that
that travel within the peripheral
within the peripheral
communicate within
nervous system; carry
nervous system and
the central nervous
information out to muscles and
sense information from system
glands, causing movement
the environment
Reuptake- presynaptic neuron Reuptake process is like a vacuum- the sending
Presynaptic neuronneuron that sends, or
absorbs back excessive, or
neuron sucks back excessive NTs to later be
releases a neurotransmitter unused, neurotransmitters in
used- if NTs stay in the synapse for a period of
the synapse
time, then problems could occur, like
depression.
Postsynaptic neuron- neuron that receives a
neurotransmitter
Nerves are neural cables, or “roads,” comprised of axons
Nerves are like ropes. Ropes are intertwined
that are part of peripheral nervous system, which enable
with string and nerves are intertwined with
communication back to the central nervous system
axons.
Neural Chain- how the
brain communicates
with the body
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Neuroscience and Behavior
Types of Neurotransmitters
Afferent nervescarry information TO
the central nervous
system
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA
Glutamate
Endorphins
Sensory neurons- neurons
Remember the word SAME
that travel within afferent
Sensory neurons travel through Afferent nerves
nerves and SEND
Motor neurons travel through Efferent nerves
information to the central
nervous system
Efferent nervesMotor neurons- neurons
carry information
that travel within efferent
FROM the central
nerves and carry information
nervous system
AWAY from the central
nervous system
Tie it all together:
If you were to put your finger in hot water (1) a sensory neuron would detect this hot water travel
through an afferent nerve up the peripheral nervous system, towards the central nervous system where
(2) an interneuron would take the information, then the brain would process the information, releasing
(3) a motor neuron that would travel through an efferent nerve back down the peripheral nervous
system, causing your finger to pull out of the hot water.
Function
Problems
Muscle action, learning, memory
Lack of can lead to Alzheimer’s disease
Learning, attention, emotion- pleasure
Too much dopamine leads to schizophrenia, and too
little dopamine could lead to Parkinson’s disease
Mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
Lack of linked to depression
Alertness and arousal
Lack of linked to depression
Inhibitory neurotransmitter- slows down brain Lack of linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia
activity
Major excitatory neurotransmitter- involved
Too much could lead to migraines or seizures
in memory
Pain control and pleasure
Too much pain medication could lead to lack of
endorphin supply
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Neuroscience and Behavior
Parts of the Brain
Endocrine System
Drugs that affect
Neurotransmitters
Agonist is a drug designed to mimic, or
perform the same actions as a
neurotransmitter- often used when there is not
enough of a neurotransmitter
Antagonist is a drug designed to block a
neurotransmitter- often used when there is too
much of a neurotransmitter
The endocrine system is another type of communication system that
uses a set of glands which produce hormones (like neurotransmitters)
that circulate through the bloodstream, enabling communication.
Hypothalamus- part of the brain that links the brain to the
endocrine system through control of the pituitary gland
Pituitary gland- “master gland” that controls all other glands
Thyroid gland- involved in metabolism
Adrenal glands- help trigger “fight-or-flight” response
Brainstem- oldest part of the brain; responsible for survival;
comprised of the hindbrain and midbrain
Midbrain- controls certain types of automatic behaviors
Hindbrain- an extension of spinal cord involved in blood
pressure, heart rate, breathing, and other vital life functions;
includes the medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, and pons
Medulla- controls heartbeat and breathing
Reticular formation- controls wakefulness and arousal
Cerebellum- coordinates movements, balance
Pons- coordinates movements on the left and right side of
the body; dreams
Forebrain- responsible for complex behaviors and mental abilities
Hypothalamus- maintains eating, drinking, body
temperature
Agonist is like a key that fits a lock and is able to
unlock it- the same as an agonist fitting the receptor
site of a neuron and mimicking the NT
Antagonist is like a key that fits a lock but does not
turn the lock, hence not opening the door- the key is
now stuck in the lock, preventing any other key from
entering
The endocrine system uses the bloodstream making
it much slower than the nervous system, which uses
electricity
Think of the pituitary gland as “master P”
If you were to look at a car seat you would notice
that it is positioned to hit the top part of the heard,
rather than the brainstem, as this could cause
serious-to-fatal injury.
“Pay particular (reticular) attention”
“Sara-bellum has good balance”
Think about playing ping PONg- hitting back and
forth as the pons controls right and left movements
“The man’s part of the brain”- loves pizza and beer
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Neuroscience and Behavior
Limbic system- regulates memory, fear, aggression,
hunger, and thirst
Hippocampus- processes new memories
Amygdala- linked to fear and emotion
Thalamus- relay center for sensory information
except smell
Cerebral cortex- most sophisticated area of the brain
Cerebral hemispheres- the left and right side of
the cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum- connects the two hemispheres
Split-brain- refers to people who have had
their corpus callusum severed/ Roger Sperry
found to reduce epileptic seizures
Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes.
“My emotions are in LIMBO”
Hippos have great memory
“Don’t ever make AMY mad”
The “secretary” of the brain- sends information to
proper place.
Very similar to a CPU unit of a computer- the
processor
Like a cord that connects two computers
Association areas are present on all 4 lobes and are
responsible for higher mental functions such as
learning, speaking, remembering, and thinking
Frontal lobes- largest lobe- involved in planning,
People will often hit themselves in the front of the
thinking, emotional control, and muscle movement head and say, “I am so stupid”- makes sense- it is the
thinking portion of the brain.
The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere
Motor cortexcontrols
controls the right side of the body
voluntary
movements
Parietal lobes- located top of the hear- processes
In duck-duck-goose people “pat” others on the top of
body information- touch
the head
Occipital lobes- located back of the headThink about the eye store, D.O.C. cipitial, or
processes visual information
remember, “O-h, I C (see)
Temporal lobes- processes auditory information
You listen to the “tempo” or the beat
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Imaging
the brain
Spatial ability
and Language
Neuroscience and Behavior
Lateralization- notion that each hemisphere is responsible for specific abilities and tasks
Right hemisphere- Left hemisphere processes language which includes the Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
handles nonverbalBroca’s area- involved in spoken
Think about “boco” in Spanish- means mouth, or
spatial, musical,
language
“broken” speech
and visualWernicke’s area- processes the ability to Think about Professor Wernicke- no one can
recognition tasks
understand language, communication
understand him
Aphasia- refers to the inability to
It is possible for someone to not be able to speakspeak or understand
Broca’s aphasia, but understand and vice versa.
CAT Scan- X-ray photographs of the brain
MRI- uses magnetic fields that produce computer images of the brain
EEG- measures electrical activity of the brainPET scan- measures brain activity through injecting radioactive glucose
often used to measure brain waves during sleep
while the brain is performing functions
Lesioning- involves destroying a piece or part of the brain
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Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.