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Test Review:
Chapter 2
 Look at these questions that begin each major section of the text. Recite your answers to them aloud. Check yourself
by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer
these questions.
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What is the connection between the body and mind?
 What are neurons and how do they transmit information?
 How do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells?
 How do neurotransmitters influence behavior, and how do drugs and other chemicals affect neurotransmitters?
 What are the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions?
 How does the endocrine system—the body’s slower information system—transmit its messages?
 How do neuroscientists study the brain’s connections to behavior and mind?
 What are the functions of important lower-level brain structures?
 What functions are served by the various cerebral cortex regions?
 To what extent can a damaged brain reorganize itself?
 What do split brains reveal about the functions of our two brain hemispheres?
 Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don’t recognize.
the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them.
Phrenology & Franz Gall
Biological psychologist
Neurons
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Glial cells (“glue”)
Sensory (Afferent) neurons
Motor (Efferent) neurons
Interneurons
Dendrites
Cell body (soma)
Axon
Nodes of Ranvier (class notes)
Myelin Sheath (& multiple sclerosis/MS)
Action potential/neural impulse
Role of Sodium & potassium in an action potential
Resting potential
Refractory period (class notes)
” All or none” phenomenon
“Selectively permeable” (or “semi”)
Depolarization
Threshold
-70 mV, -50 mv, +30 mV
Synapse (gap or cleft)
Axon terminals (synaptic terminals, terminal buttons)
Vesicles (class notes)
“Lock & key”
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Go back to your reading guide or
 Reuptake
 Endorphins
 Antagonists
 Agonists
 Dopamine
 Norepinephrine
 GABA
 Glutamate
 Receptors (receptor sites)
 Inhibitory & excitatory connections
Nervous system
 Central nervous system (CNS; brain & spinal cord)
 Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
 Nerves
 Somatic nervous system
 Autonomic nervous system
 Sympathetic nervous system (“Fight or flight” response)
 Parasympathetic nervous system (“Rest & digest” response)
 Neural networks
 Reflexes
Endocrine system
 Hormones
 Hormones vs. neurotransmitters
Know the location & function of each (Refer to Figure 2.11 on p. 59)
 Pituitary gland
 Hypothalamus
 Thyroid gland
 Adrenal glands (epinephrine/adrenaline & norepinephrine/noradrenaline)
Brain imaging:
 Lesion
 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
 Computerized Axial Tomography (CT or CAT scan)
 Positron Emission Topography (PET)
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 Functional MRI (fMRI)
Brain stem
 Medulla (oblongata)
 Reticular formation (Reticular activating system)
 Pons
 Thalamus
 Cerebellum
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Limbic system
 Hippocampus
 Amygdala
 Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
 Frontal lobes
 Motor cortex
 Parietal lobes
 Sensory (or “somatosensory”) cortex
 Occipital lobes
 Temporal lobes
 Association areas
Case study: Phineas Gage
Plasticity
Neurogenesis
Stem cells
Corpus callosum
Split brain research (Sperry & Gazzaniga)
Left/right hemispheric specialization (What is each hemisphere “good” at?)
Handedness & brain organization
Circle your answer.
Be sure to consult your text or study guide to help in choosing the correct one!
1. The function of dendrites is to
A) receive incoming signals from other neurons.
B) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons.
C) coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain.
E) transmit signals to other neurons.
2. An axon is
A) a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
B) a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.
C) an antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.
D) the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
E) a junction between a sending and receiving neuron.
3. A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the
A) synapse.
B) agonist.
C) action potential.
D) myelin sheath.
E) refractory period.
4. The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)
A) sympathetic nerve.
B) myelin sheath.
C) endocrine gland.
D) pituitary gland.
E) synaptic vesicle.
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5. Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord?
A) sensory neurons
B) motor neurons
C) myelin sheath
D) interneurons
E) axons
6. In its resting state, the inside of a neuron carries a slight _____ charge with respect to the outside.
A) positive
B) negative
C) active
D) depolarized
E) antagonistic
7. The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the
A) reflex.
B) threshold.
C) synapse.
D) action potential.
E) refractory period.
8. Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential.
This indicates that a neuron's reaction is
A) inhibited by the myelin sheath.
B) delayed by the refractory period.
C) an all-or-none response.
D) dependent on neurotransmitter molecules.
E) primarily electrical rather than chemical.
9. Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the
A) dendrites.
B) cell body.
C) axon.
D) myelin sheath.
E) synapse.
10. The spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called
A) neurotransmitters.
B) neural networks.
C) synapses.
D) axons.
E) thresholds.
11. Reuptake refers to the
A) movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap.
B) release of hormones into the bloodstream.
C) inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane.
D) reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.
E) the ending of the refractory period.
12. Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the
brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule?
A) agonists
B) antagonists
C) endorphins
D) endocrines
E) autonomics
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13. A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n)
A) neural network.
B) action potential.
C) neurotransmitter.
D) reflex.
E) threshold.
14. For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central
nervous system.
A) endocrines
B) interneurons
C) glands
D) motor neurons
E) sensory neurons
15. While you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. Which of the following triggers the
“fight-or-flight” response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away?
A) somatic nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) motor cortex
D) limbic system
E) parasympathetic nervous system
16. Hormones are the chemical messengers of the
A) action potential.
B) autonomic nervous system.
C) endocrine system.
D) peripheral nervous system.
E) central nervous system.
17. Which endocrine gland regulates body growth?
A) parathyroid
B) adrenal
C) thyroid
D) pituitary
E) pancreas
18. If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ________ into your
bloodstream.
A) endorphins
B) acetylcholine
C) seratonin
D) epinephrine
E) insulin
19. To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to
make use of a(n)
A) fMRI.
B) hemispherectomy.
C) ACh agonist.
D) brain lesion.
E) MRI.
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20. Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla?
A) reticular formation
B) hippocampus
C) pons
D) thalamus
E) hypothalamus
21. Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your
name?
A) reticular formation
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala
E) medulla
22. Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
A) thalamus
B) amygdala
C) medulla
D) hippocampus
E) cerebellum
23. Which brain structure governs eating, drinking, and sexual behavior?
A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) medulla
D) hippocampus
E) hypothalamus
24. After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty
A) experiencing intense emotions.
B) reading printed words.
C) understanding what others are saying.
D) tasting the flavors of foods.
E) playing his guitar.
25. Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?
A) amygdala
B) thalamus
C) cerebellum
D) medulla
E) dendrite
26. Which of the following would be most difficult for a person with significant damage to the hippocampus?
A) Performing coordinated movements like hand clapping while speaking.
B) Summarizing yesterday's new events from memory.
C) Recognizing an old friend.
D) Distinguishing between two objects.
E) Moving his left hand.
27. The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.
A) hearing; sensing movement
B) seeing; sensing touch
C) sensing pleasure; sensing pain
D) seeing; hearing
E) speaking; hearing
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28. Which area plays the most important role in thought processes used for problem solving?
A) somatosensory cortex
B) reticular activating system
C) prefrontal cortex
D) parietal lobe
E) Wernicke's area
29. Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo?
A) temporal lobes
B) parietal lobes
C) occipital lobes
D) frontal lobes
E) association areas
30. Direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in
A) feelings of anger.
B) acceleration of heartbeat.
C) a sensation of being touched on the arm.
D) movement of the mouth and lips.
E) intense pain.
31. The sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of
A) taste.
B) sight.
C) hearing.
D) touch.
E) smell.
32. Our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following?
A) More neurotransmitters are released when the lips are touched.
B) A larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips.
C) The dendrites connected to the lips are especially sensitive.
D) The medulla routes impulses from the lips directly to our brainstem.
E) Our lips are directly connected to the sensory cortex, but our knees are not.
33.
Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared
in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked to point to the word with their left hand, patients pointed to
A) HE.
B) ART.
C) HEART.
D) EA.
E) nothing. They were unable to complete the task.
34.
A)
B)
C)
D)
35.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce
aphasia.
epileptic seizures.
depression.
neural plasticity.
The association areas are located in the
spinal cord.
brainstem.
thalamus.
limbic system.
cerebral cortex.
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