Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... receptor membrane, peripheral axon process, central axon process, soma, sensory ganglia. NEU 3. Write the Nernst equation, and explain the effects of altering the intracellular or extracellular Na+, K+, Cl-, or Ca2+ concentration on the equilibrium potential for that ion. NEU 4. Describe the normal ...
... receptor membrane, peripheral axon process, central axon process, soma, sensory ganglia. NEU 3. Write the Nernst equation, and explain the effects of altering the intracellular or extracellular Na+, K+, Cl-, or Ca2+ concentration on the equilibrium potential for that ion. NEU 4. Describe the normal ...
Get PDF - IOS Press
... These activated neurons can be detected by monitoring the expression of immediate early genes such as c-Fos [7]. Immobilization stress (IMO) in the rat is an excellent model of emotional stress, which activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system and the sympathoadrenal system [8]. Incr ...
... These activated neurons can be detected by monitoring the expression of immediate early genes such as c-Fos [7]. Immobilization stress (IMO) in the rat is an excellent model of emotional stress, which activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system and the sympathoadrenal system [8]. Incr ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... In addition to being part of the ascending paralemniscal pathway it is mainly driven by somatosensory barrel cortex (BC) and projects to many cortical and subcortical areas. Due to its poor excitability by whisker deflections, its function is unclear. The origin of the corticothalamic drive onto PO ...
... In addition to being part of the ascending paralemniscal pathway it is mainly driven by somatosensory barrel cortex (BC) and projects to many cortical and subcortical areas. Due to its poor excitability by whisker deflections, its function is unclear. The origin of the corticothalamic drive onto PO ...
Theta Modulation in the Medial and the Lateral Entorhinal Cortices
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
Anatomy & Physiology I
... Classification by microscopic appearance Free nerve endings – Bare dendrites – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity ...
... Classification by microscopic appearance Free nerve endings – Bare dendrites – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity ...
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... data from different studies point to ADHD abnormalities in fronto-striatal circuits. Structural neuroimaging studies partially support fronto-striatal abnormalities and suggest an important role of the cerebellum. However, nearly all these studies are based on the analysis of apriori selected region ...
... data from different studies point to ADHD abnormalities in fronto-striatal circuits. Structural neuroimaging studies partially support fronto-striatal abnormalities and suggest an important role of the cerebellum. However, nearly all these studies are based on the analysis of apriori selected region ...
MARCKS modulates radial progenitor placement
... aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their polarized expression (Imai et al., 2006; Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007; Martin-Belmonte and Mostov, 2007). Together, these findings suggest that MARCKS is a potent upstream regulator of localizatio ...
... aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their polarized expression (Imai et al., 2006; Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007; Martin-Belmonte and Mostov, 2007). Together, these findings suggest that MARCKS is a potent upstream regulator of localizatio ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
Descending motor pathways and the spinal
... forebrain, knowledge about the anatomy and function of the structures in the more caudally located parts of the central nervous system is indispensable. In this paper an overview will be presented of these caudal structures in brainstem and spinal cord as far as they concern the motor system, (secti ...
... forebrain, knowledge about the anatomy and function of the structures in the more caudally located parts of the central nervous system is indispensable. In this paper an overview will be presented of these caudal structures in brainstem and spinal cord as far as they concern the motor system, (secti ...
Cerebral cortical hypoplasia with abnormal morphology of pyramidal
... (including corpus callosum, internal capsule, external capsule anterior commissure, and fornix), were semiautomatically segmented on CT images using the “Morpho” tool of SliceOmatic software v. 4.3 (TomoVision, Montreal, Canada) based on image contrast as well as the user’s knowledge of the anatomy. ...
... (including corpus callosum, internal capsule, external capsule anterior commissure, and fornix), were semiautomatically segmented on CT images using the “Morpho” tool of SliceOmatic software v. 4.3 (TomoVision, Montreal, Canada) based on image contrast as well as the user’s knowledge of the anatomy. ...
Recasting the Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement System
... frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobules VI and VII of the vermis (VERM). For saccades, the standard descending pathways likewise contain cortico–ponto– cer ...
... frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobules VI and VII of the vermis (VERM). For saccades, the standard descending pathways likewise contain cortico–ponto– cer ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... punisher value, and thus of outcome, which are essential for learning associations between actions and the outcomes that follow actions. The midcingulate area contains representations of actions. The third type of output is to a system capable of planning many steps ahead, and for example deferring ...
... punisher value, and thus of outcome, which are essential for learning associations between actions and the outcomes that follow actions. The midcingulate area contains representations of actions. The third type of output is to a system capable of planning many steps ahead, and for example deferring ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, ...
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, ...
A Systematic Nomenclature for the Insect Brain
... Here we provide a nomenclature system for the adult insect brain using that of Drosophila melanogaster as a framework. The nomenclature system is based on discussions amongst the Insect Brain Name Working Group, a team of invertebrate neurobiologists working towards this end point since 2007. This e ...
... Here we provide a nomenclature system for the adult insect brain using that of Drosophila melanogaster as a framework. The nomenclature system is based on discussions amongst the Insect Brain Name Working Group, a team of invertebrate neurobiologists working towards this end point since 2007. This e ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... The entorhinal area is a neocortical region receiving afferent projections from the olfactory bulb itself and more extensively from its relay, the anterior olfactory nucleus (Crosby et al., 1962; Parent, 1996). The amygdala is another major recipient of many olfactory projections. It is proposed as ...
... The entorhinal area is a neocortical region receiving afferent projections from the olfactory bulb itself and more extensively from its relay, the anterior olfactory nucleus (Crosby et al., 1962; Parent, 1996). The amygdala is another major recipient of many olfactory projections. It is proposed as ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... The first is the autonomic and endocrine system, for producing such changes as increased heart rate and release of adrenaline, which prepare the body for action. Structures receiving from the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that provide a route for these autonomic ...
... The first is the autonomic and endocrine system, for producing such changes as increased heart rate and release of adrenaline, which prepare the body for action. Structures receiving from the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that provide a route for these autonomic ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. Deep brain stimulation in the “area of the PPN” reduces gait and balance problem in “some” Parkinson’s disease patients. The PPN is involved in numerous motor and non-motor functions that are affected in PD (sleep, gait, ...
... Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. Deep brain stimulation in the “area of the PPN” reduces gait and balance problem in “some” Parkinson’s disease patients. The PPN is involved in numerous motor and non-motor functions that are affected in PD (sleep, gait, ...
Functional Organization of the Gustatory System in the Brains of
... telencephalon via small neurons in the diencephalic lobo-bulbar nucleus. ...
... telencephalon via small neurons in the diencephalic lobo-bulbar nucleus. ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... receptor-related cells also have a turnover, such as the taste buds, these are not true neurons that make synapses within the central nervous system. As noted in the introduction, humans are generally considered “microsmatic,” with a relatively poorly developed olfactory system compared to that of “ ...
... receptor-related cells also have a turnover, such as the taste buds, these are not true neurons that make synapses within the central nervous system. As noted in the introduction, humans are generally considered “microsmatic,” with a relatively poorly developed olfactory system compared to that of “ ...
Functional Heterogeneity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
... structures “inform” CRF cells of environmental contingencies? The oval nucleus is devoid of inputs from the subiculum (Cullinan et al., 1993; McDonald et al., 1999) and medial amygdala (Dong et al., 2001a), sites thought to convey contextual or olfactory information required for responses to threate ...
... structures “inform” CRF cells of environmental contingencies? The oval nucleus is devoid of inputs from the subiculum (Cullinan et al., 1993; McDonald et al., 1999) and medial amygdala (Dong et al., 2001a), sites thought to convey contextual or olfactory information required for responses to threate ...
Processing of Interaural Intensity Differences in the LSO: Role of
... the coding of a variety of IIDs among the population of cells. A fundamental question concerning the coding of IIDs is: how does each cell in the LSO derive its particular IID sensitivity? Although there have been a large number of neurophysiological studies on the LSO, this question has received li ...
... the coding of a variety of IIDs among the population of cells. A fundamental question concerning the coding of IIDs is: how does each cell in the LSO derive its particular IID sensitivity? Although there have been a large number of neurophysiological studies on the LSO, this question has received li ...
Subicular and CA1 hippocampal projections to the accessory
... et al., 1978), although authors were unsure of this projection due to the large sizes of their injections. The reason could be methodological and/or due to species differences. Sensitive retrograde tracers such as FG gave rise to retrogradely labeled cells in ventral CA1 and ventral subiculum, but i ...
... et al., 1978), although authors were unsure of this projection due to the large sizes of their injections. The reason could be methodological and/or due to species differences. Sensitive retrograde tracers such as FG gave rise to retrogradely labeled cells in ventral CA1 and ventral subiculum, but i ...
Neuron 2013 Bartolini
... consist of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal assemblies independent of their complexity and function. Accordingly, functional circuits in regions as disparate as the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and neocortex rely on relatively similar cell assemblies of glutamatergic neurons and GABAergic interneu ...
... consist of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal assemblies independent of their complexity and function. Accordingly, functional circuits in regions as disparate as the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and neocortex rely on relatively similar cell assemblies of glutamatergic neurons and GABAergic interneu ...
Chapter 3 Two parts of nucleus prepositus hypoglossi project to two
... cord projections are involved in level setting systems, including nociception control. In addition, the PAG projects to more laterally located brainstem structures involved in more specific behaviors (for review, see Holstege et al., 2004). The dorsolateral PAG (PAGdl) differs from the adjacent colum ...
... cord projections are involved in level setting systems, including nociception control. In addition, the PAG projects to more laterally located brainstem structures involved in more specific behaviors (for review, see Holstege et al., 2004). The dorsolateral PAG (PAGdl) differs from the adjacent colum ...
Organization of brainstem nuclei
... chemical, or pathological characteristics. It would have been inappropriate, however, to discount apparent functional characteristics of some brainstem structures, particularly when such characteristics can be used to systematize the diversity of brainstem neuronal groups. This chapter discusses a n ...
... chemical, or pathological characteristics. It would have been inappropriate, however, to discount apparent functional characteristics of some brainstem structures, particularly when such characteristics can be used to systematize the diversity of brainstem neuronal groups. This chapter discusses a n ...
Anatomy of the cerebellum
The anatomy of the cerebellum can be viewed at three levels. At the level of large-scale anatomy, the cerebellum consists of a tightly folded and crumpled layer of cortex, with white matter underneath, several deep nuclei embedded in the white matter, and a fluid-filled ventricle in the middle. At the intermediate level, the cerebellum and its auxiliary structures can be decomposed into several hundred or thousand independently functioning modules or ""microzones"". At the microscopic level, each module consists of the same small set of neuronal elements, laid out with a highly stereotyped geometry.