Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... prefrontal cortex in primates is complex, composed of lateral prefrontal areas, associated with cognitive processes, and orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, which have a role in emotional processes (reviewed in Barbas et al., 2002). There is no information on whether laminar-specific conn ...
... prefrontal cortex in primates is complex, composed of lateral prefrontal areas, associated with cognitive processes, and orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, which have a role in emotional processes (reviewed in Barbas et al., 2002). There is no information on whether laminar-specific conn ...
What clinical disorders tell us about the neural
... Fig. 1 (A) Representative record of a 10 horizontal saccade made by a normal subject. In this and subsequent figures, positive values indicate rightward, upward or clockwise eye rotations from the subject’s viewpoint. Position (blue) and velocity (red) records are shown. (B) Simulated 10 horizonta ...
... Fig. 1 (A) Representative record of a 10 horizontal saccade made by a normal subject. In this and subsequent figures, positive values indicate rightward, upward or clockwise eye rotations from the subject’s viewpoint. Position (blue) and velocity (red) records are shown. (B) Simulated 10 horizonta ...
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice
... evidence from the neural circuit level to the systems level, the linkage between particular neural circuitry remodeling and the somatotopic reorganization that would ultimately lead to abnormal ectopic sensation remains unclear. This is mainly because the somatotopic information that remodeled axon ...
... evidence from the neural circuit level to the systems level, the linkage between particular neural circuitry remodeling and the somatotopic reorganization that would ultimately lead to abnormal ectopic sensation remains unclear. This is mainly because the somatotopic information that remodeled axon ...
Virtual dissection and comparative connectivity of the superior
... lobule with the supplementary motor area, posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal premotor cortex, and the rostral part of primary motor cortex. SLF II is located inferior and lateral to SLF I and links posterior inferior parietal cortex with dorsal premotor cortex and dorsolateral prefront ...
... lobule with the supplementary motor area, posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal premotor cortex, and the rostral part of primary motor cortex. SLF II is located inferior and lateral to SLF I and links posterior inferior parietal cortex with dorsal premotor cortex and dorsolateral prefront ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... and deep layer cells (Schmitz et al., 1998) expressing IpNa+ and Ih currents (Alonso and Llinás, 1989; Dickson et al., 2000), display subthreshold oscillatory activity within the theta range and the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, can induce theta oscillations in MEC slices (Gołebiewski et al., 1994 ...
... and deep layer cells (Schmitz et al., 1998) expressing IpNa+ and Ih currents (Alonso and Llinás, 1989; Dickson et al., 2000), display subthreshold oscillatory activity within the theta range and the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, can induce theta oscillations in MEC slices (Gołebiewski et al., 1994 ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... during development. Elimination of projections may result from neuronal death or the elimination of synapses, and selection is determined by input from the periphery, competition among axons, and hormones. It is believed that exuberance is important for modulating the strength of connections and pro ...
... during development. Elimination of projections may result from neuronal death or the elimination of synapses, and selection is determined by input from the periphery, competition among axons, and hormones. It is believed that exuberance is important for modulating the strength of connections and pro ...
1№S€EN1>IMÎ PATHWAYS FROM ТИК BRAIN STEM ТО ТИК
... The brain stem as defined here comprises the mesencephalon and the rhombencephalon. It contains the nuclei of origin and termination of most cranial nerves. In addition the brain stem of reptiles contains a well developed reticular formation and numerous sensory and motor relay nuclei, as e.g. a red ...
... The brain stem as defined here comprises the mesencephalon and the rhombencephalon. It contains the nuclei of origin and termination of most cranial nerves. In addition the brain stem of reptiles contains a well developed reticular formation and numerous sensory and motor relay nuclei, as e.g. a red ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... (11), and hyperbaric oxygen (12) treatment can significantly promote functional recovery from SCIinduced motor dysfunction in rats, and this neuroprotective effect may be related to the upregulation of GDNF. SCI treatments with GDNF and Schwann cells have been widely reported,and have concluded that ...
... (11), and hyperbaric oxygen (12) treatment can significantly promote functional recovery from SCIinduced motor dysfunction in rats, and this neuroprotective effect may be related to the upregulation of GDNF. SCI treatments with GDNF and Schwann cells have been widely reported,and have concluded that ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... Development of Ocular Dominance Columns in Visual Cortex The primary visual cortex contains a single map of the world as seen through the two eyes. At a scale of half a millimeter, however, this map is not continuous. Instead, in adult humans, monkeys, cats, and many other species, inputs serving th ...
... Development of Ocular Dominance Columns in Visual Cortex The primary visual cortex contains a single map of the world as seen through the two eyes. At a scale of half a millimeter, however, this map is not continuous. Instead, in adult humans, monkeys, cats, and many other species, inputs serving th ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... At this point, what is most interesting about the olfactory – limbic system is that odorant nerve impulses exiting from the mitral and tufted cells have been heavily modulated (adjust frequency & amplitude). This is done via a number of interneurons whose nerve impulses originate in the higher olfac ...
... At this point, what is most interesting about the olfactory – limbic system is that odorant nerve impulses exiting from the mitral and tufted cells have been heavily modulated (adjust frequency & amplitude). This is done via a number of interneurons whose nerve impulses originate in the higher olfac ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... to different body parts in a fixed temporal sequence that varied from patient to patient, a pattern called Jacksonian march. Jackson concluded that paroxysmal neural activity generated by epileptic foci located near the central sulcus caused the involuntary seizures. He speculated that the progressi ...
... to different body parts in a fixed temporal sequence that varied from patient to patient, a pattern called Jacksonian march. Jackson concluded that paroxysmal neural activity generated by epileptic foci located near the central sulcus caused the involuntary seizures. He speculated that the progressi ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... the hippocampus and the amygdala, but not the olfactory bulb, the striatum, the midbrain, the hindbrain or the spinal cord3. Thus, they are found primarily in structures that are associated with advanced cognitive functions, and an understanding of these neurons is necessary to elucidate the neural ...
... the hippocampus and the amygdala, but not the olfactory bulb, the striatum, the midbrain, the hindbrain or the spinal cord3. Thus, they are found primarily in structures that are associated with advanced cognitive functions, and an understanding of these neurons is necessary to elucidate the neural ...
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat
... Refinements in knowledge of the principal circuitry in the thalamocortical (TC) system has not been matched by a corresponding level of detail about the CT pathway, whose experimental analysis has had a much shorter history (Frigyesi et al., 1972; Jones, 1985). It was possible to question, only a fe ...
... Refinements in knowledge of the principal circuitry in the thalamocortical (TC) system has not been matched by a corresponding level of detail about the CT pathway, whose experimental analysis has had a much shorter history (Frigyesi et al., 1972; Jones, 1985). It was possible to question, only a fe ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... The nigrothalamic pathway represents one of the major outputs of the basal ganglia (Di Chiara et al., 1979; Tepper et al., 2007). It transmits a highly condensed code of the original cortical output signal to the motor thalamus, which is the final relay station of the cortex– basal ganglia—thalamus– ...
... The nigrothalamic pathway represents one of the major outputs of the basal ganglia (Di Chiara et al., 1979; Tepper et al., 2007). It transmits a highly condensed code of the original cortical output signal to the motor thalamus, which is the final relay station of the cortex– basal ganglia—thalamus– ...
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in
... The types of somesthetic stimuli that were effective in driving the cells were difficult to define. For 20 of the cells, the most effective stimulus was a low frequency (less than 2 Hz) tapping of low to medium intensity applied to a body part. Elsewhere we have referred to this type of unit as a T2 ...
... The types of somesthetic stimuli that were effective in driving the cells were difficult to define. For 20 of the cells, the most effective stimulus was a low frequency (less than 2 Hz) tapping of low to medium intensity applied to a body part. Elsewhere we have referred to this type of unit as a T2 ...
THE VISUAL CLAUSTRUM OF THE CAT I. Structure and Connections`
... preparations, is of large, angular, and densely staining somata. Near the edges of the claustrum, these tend to be elongated parallel to the edge, but elsewhere, there is no orderly alignment of cells like that characteristic of cerebral cortex. In Golgi preparations, two common cell types and a thi ...
... preparations, is of large, angular, and densely staining somata. Near the edges of the claustrum, these tend to be elongated parallel to the edge, but elsewhere, there is no orderly alignment of cells like that characteristic of cerebral cortex. In Golgi preparations, two common cell types and a thi ...
... from a neurological normal control (Control) or an individual with JNCL as a primary antiserum. JNCL serum displayed widespread immunoreactivity within multiple CNS structures in both sagittal and coronal sections. In contrast, control serum displayed little or no immunoreactivity above background. ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... Monkeys initiated the trial by directing their gaze straight ahead toward a fixation target (0.25° red circle) presented directly in front of them (Fig. 1 A–C, fix). If the monkey’s gaze deviated by ⬎2.5° from the fixation target at any point during the trial, the trial was terminated without reward ...
... Monkeys initiated the trial by directing their gaze straight ahead toward a fixation target (0.25° red circle) presented directly in front of them (Fig. 1 A–C, fix). If the monkey’s gaze deviated by ⬎2.5° from the fixation target at any point during the trial, the trial was terminated without reward ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... and the ECG, heart rate, end-tidal CO*, and rectal temperature were monitored. The adequacy of analgesia was confirmed by the absence of changes in heart rate in response to noxious stimulation. Cycloplegia and mydriasis were achieved with ophthalmic atropine (1%). Gaspermeable contact lenses refrac ...
... and the ECG, heart rate, end-tidal CO*, and rectal temperature were monitored. The adequacy of analgesia was confirmed by the absence of changes in heart rate in response to noxious stimulation. Cycloplegia and mydriasis were achieved with ophthalmic atropine (1%). Gaspermeable contact lenses refrac ...
Functionally Independent Columns of Rat Somatosensory Barrel
... studies (Durham and Woolsey, 1977; Kossut et al., 1988; McCasland and Woolsey, 1988) and optical imaging of intrinsic reflectance changes of the cortical surface (Masino and Frostig, 1996). An alternative approach is to image neuronal activity with voltage-sensitive dyes, which can record both the s ...
... studies (Durham and Woolsey, 1977; Kossut et al., 1988; McCasland and Woolsey, 1988) and optical imaging of intrinsic reflectance changes of the cortical surface (Masino and Frostig, 1996). An alternative approach is to image neuronal activity with voltage-sensitive dyes, which can record both the s ...
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
... the number of primary dendrites could account for up to 50% of this correlation. Fourthly, dendritic arborization was not correlated with axonal projection, and axonal projection types could not be predicted by electrical excitability parameters. We conclude that 1) dendritic polarity is correlated ...
... the number of primary dendrites could account for up to 50% of this correlation. Fourthly, dendritic arborization was not correlated with axonal projection, and axonal projection types could not be predicted by electrical excitability parameters. We conclude that 1) dendritic polarity is correlated ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... and ascending. Orbitofrontal axons terminated densely in a narrow band around the borders of the magnocellular basolateral nucleus, surrounded by projection neurons along a continuum through the nuclei of the basal complex. In contrast, the input and output zones of medial prefrontal areas were inte ...
... and ascending. Orbitofrontal axons terminated densely in a narrow band around the borders of the magnocellular basolateral nucleus, surrounded by projection neurons along a continuum through the nuclei of the basal complex. In contrast, the input and output zones of medial prefrontal areas were inte ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... in the adult white matter and are termed interstitial cells (Gilbert and Kelly, 1975; KGnig et al., 1975, 1977; Giguere and Goldman-Rakic, 1988). A smaller proportion of subplate cells are lost in rodents (Woo et al., 1990), resulting in the persistence of a prominent cell layer often referred to as ...
... in the adult white matter and are termed interstitial cells (Gilbert and Kelly, 1975; KGnig et al., 1975, 1977; Giguere and Goldman-Rakic, 1988). A smaller proportion of subplate cells are lost in rodents (Woo et al., 1990), resulting in the persistence of a prominent cell layer often referred to as ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... distribution of retrogradely labeled cells along the rostrocaudal extent of amygdaloid nuclear complex (Fig. 2C, sections 1–4). The labeled cells at the ipsilateral amygdaloid nuclear complex were predominant, while ones at the contralateral side were meager. For midline injections, the majority of ...
... distribution of retrogradely labeled cells along the rostrocaudal extent of amygdaloid nuclear complex (Fig. 2C, sections 1–4). The labeled cells at the ipsilateral amygdaloid nuclear complex were predominant, while ones at the contralateral side were meager. For midline injections, the majority of ...
Anatomy of the cerebellum
The anatomy of the cerebellum can be viewed at three levels. At the level of large-scale anatomy, the cerebellum consists of a tightly folded and crumpled layer of cortex, with white matter underneath, several deep nuclei embedded in the white matter, and a fluid-filled ventricle in the middle. At the intermediate level, the cerebellum and its auxiliary structures can be decomposed into several hundred or thousand independently functioning modules or ""microzones"". At the microscopic level, each module consists of the same small set of neuronal elements, laid out with a highly stereotyped geometry.