2 m – 32. Autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system
... defenses and resources of the body when changing external factors or internal environment; performs adaptive-trophic effect, that ensures the adequacy of the level of metabolic functional activity of the body. In VNS advisable to highlight the central section and the peripheral section. Central Depa ...
... defenses and resources of the body when changing external factors or internal environment; performs adaptive-trophic effect, that ensures the adequacy of the level of metabolic functional activity of the body. In VNS advisable to highlight the central section and the peripheral section. Central Depa ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
... showed a very similar architectonic organization in these two primate species. There is no doubt that the prefrontal cortical areas of the human brain have undergone considerable development, but it is equally clear that the basic architectonic organization is the same in the two species. Thus, a co ...
... showed a very similar architectonic organization in these two primate species. There is no doubt that the prefrontal cortical areas of the human brain have undergone considerable development, but it is equally clear that the basic architectonic organization is the same in the two species. Thus, a co ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptual and anatomical terms. Conceptually, under active inference, predictions about proprioceptive input are passed down the hierarchy; not motor commands. Anatomicall ...
... classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptual and anatomical terms. Conceptually, under active inference, predictions about proprioceptive input are passed down the hierarchy; not motor commands. Anatomicall ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... from the limbs is relayed to cortical motor centers along diverse ascending relay pathways, the most prominent of which engage the spinocerebellar system2–4. In mammals, there are a dozen or so distinct classes of spinocerebellar neurons5, each assigned to discrete aspects of somatosensory and motor ...
... from the limbs is relayed to cortical motor centers along diverse ascending relay pathways, the most prominent of which engage the spinocerebellar system2–4. In mammals, there are a dozen or so distinct classes of spinocerebellar neurons5, each assigned to discrete aspects of somatosensory and motor ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthetic enzyme selectively enriched in cholinergic neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the po ...
... acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthetic enzyme selectively enriched in cholinergic neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the po ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rather than estimate the absolute number of synaptic contacts. A total of 90 vertical probes were made for the present study, representing more than 10,000 photomicrographs, covering about 1.56 mm* ofcortical tissue, ...
... our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rather than estimate the absolute number of synaptic contacts. A total of 90 vertical probes were made for the present study, representing more than 10,000 photomicrographs, covering about 1.56 mm* ofcortical tissue, ...
NEUROGENESIS IN THE ANTERIOR OLFACTORY NUCLEUS AND
... Since neurogenesis in the rat olfactory peduncle extends beyond birth, both prenatal and postnatal developmental series were used. All series contained groups of Purdue-Wistar rats given successive daily (between 9 and 11 a.m.) s.c. injections of [3H]thymidine (Schwarz-Mann; sp. act. 6.0 Ci/mM; 5 ix ...
... Since neurogenesis in the rat olfactory peduncle extends beyond birth, both prenatal and postnatal developmental series were used. All series contained groups of Purdue-Wistar rats given successive daily (between 9 and 11 a.m.) s.c. injections of [3H]thymidine (Schwarz-Mann; sp. act. 6.0 Ci/mM; 5 ix ...
Synaptic Targets of Medial Septal Projections in the Hippocampus
... or dendrites immunopositive for interneuron cell-type molecular markers, such as parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, N-terminal EFhand calcium-binding protein 1, cholecystokinin, reelin, or a combination of these molecules. Electron microscopic observations revealed septal boutons forming axosomatic ...
... or dendrites immunopositive for interneuron cell-type molecular markers, such as parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, N-terminal EFhand calcium-binding protein 1, cholecystokinin, reelin, or a combination of these molecules. Electron microscopic observations revealed septal boutons forming axosomatic ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... were anesthetized with 3.5% chloral hydrate by intraperitoneal injection and clamped in a stereotactic apparatus with auxiliary devices. Following an incision of skin, a small bur hole was made in the left parietal bone using a dental drill. A single injection of 0.1 l of 10% DiI solution dissolved ...
... were anesthetized with 3.5% chloral hydrate by intraperitoneal injection and clamped in a stereotactic apparatus with auxiliary devices. Following an incision of skin, a small bur hole was made in the left parietal bone using a dental drill. A single injection of 0.1 l of 10% DiI solution dissolved ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
... a shape that relates also to the appearance of a transverse section [31]. The architecture of the hippocampal formation is largely uniform throughout its length, as seen in transverse sections (Figure 4). Most of the human cerebral cortex (the isocortex) has 6 layers, two of which contain principal ...
... a shape that relates also to the appearance of a transverse section [31]. The architecture of the hippocampal formation is largely uniform throughout its length, as seen in transverse sections (Figure 4). Most of the human cerebral cortex (the isocortex) has 6 layers, two of which contain principal ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... Ploog, 1981). Parallel evidence from imaging studies in humans indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
... Ploog, 1981). Parallel evidence from imaging studies in humans indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
PowerPoint
... • Cranial nerve malfunctions on same side as injury; loss of sensation or paralysis of throat or tongue; irregularities in breathing and heart rhythm Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e ...
... • Cranial nerve malfunctions on same side as injury; loss of sensation or paralysis of throat or tongue; irregularities in breathing and heart rhythm Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e ...
Organization of Visual Inputs to the Inferior Temporal and Posterior
... was injected into the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus in one procedure, and 4 d later, 4 ~1 of 5% wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP; 0.2 pi/injection) was injected into the inferior temporal cortex. In all cases, the injection volumes listed were greater tha ...
... was injected into the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus in one procedure, and 4 d later, 4 ~1 of 5% wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP; 0.2 pi/injection) was injected into the inferior temporal cortex. In all cases, the injection volumes listed were greater tha ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... were utilized for light microscopy. Housing and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with United States Department of Agriculture and National Institutes of Health guidelines and with approval of the University of Pittsburgh’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Monkeys were ...
... were utilized for light microscopy. Housing and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with United States Department of Agriculture and National Institutes of Health guidelines and with approval of the University of Pittsburgh’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Monkeys were ...
The central nervous system.
... teleosts, the terminal nerve ganglion cells lie in or near the ventral olfactory bulb. These ganglion cells have a peripheral dendrite which sometimes reaches into the olfactory mucosa and a central axon which always projects beyond the olfactory bulbs into the ventral telencephalon, preoptic region ...
... teleosts, the terminal nerve ganglion cells lie in or near the ventral olfactory bulb. These ganglion cells have a peripheral dendrite which sometimes reaches into the olfactory mucosa and a central axon which always projects beyond the olfactory bulbs into the ventral telencephalon, preoptic region ...
THALAMOAMYGDALOID CONNECTIONS STUDIED BY THE
... arises in neumns of the posterior thalamic region (6, 7, 15). Moreover, some investigations (13) have suggested that perhaps other thalamic nuclei are also connected with nuclei of the amygdala. Since the problem of the oonnections of the thalamus with amygdaloid nuclei is still controversial, we tn ...
... arises in neumns of the posterior thalamic region (6, 7, 15). Moreover, some investigations (13) have suggested that perhaps other thalamic nuclei are also connected with nuclei of the amygdala. Since the problem of the oonnections of the thalamus with amygdaloid nuclei is still controversial, we tn ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In th ...
... Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In th ...
Central Nervous System (CNS) The Brain Embryonic Development
... • Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass • Contains four groups of nuclei – anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior • Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex The Central nervous System ...
... • Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass • Contains four groups of nuclei – anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior • Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex The Central nervous System ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... and a corresponding neuronal diversity. These neurons are medium-sized except in the suprageniculate nucleus, where many cells are larger. Four dorsal division nuclei are recognized. Each has neurons with radiate or weakly tufted dendritic arbors. Superficial dorsal nucleus neurons are oriented from ...
... and a corresponding neuronal diversity. These neurons are medium-sized except in the suprageniculate nucleus, where many cells are larger. Four dorsal division nuclei are recognized. Each has neurons with radiate or weakly tufted dendritic arbors. Superficial dorsal nucleus neurons are oriented from ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... Histology and anatomical analysis Twelve to 24 h after perfusion, the cortex and brainstem (including the thalamus) were cut into 40–50-µm sections on a freezing microtome. A block of flattened cortex containing the MT and other visual areas was cut parallel to the surface, and divided into three se ...
... Histology and anatomical analysis Twelve to 24 h after perfusion, the cortex and brainstem (including the thalamus) were cut into 40–50-µm sections on a freezing microtome. A block of flattened cortex containing the MT and other visual areas was cut parallel to the surface, and divided into three se ...
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... oculomotor nuclei (Carpenter et al., '70). Other inputs come from the prepositus nucleus (Graybiel and Hartwieg, '74; Baker and Berthoz, '75; Gacek, '79) and the reticular formation (Keller, '74; BiittnerEnnever and Henn, '76). The major fiber tract by which afferents reach the eye muscle nuclei is ...
... oculomotor nuclei (Carpenter et al., '70). Other inputs come from the prepositus nucleus (Graybiel and Hartwieg, '74; Baker and Berthoz, '75; Gacek, '79) and the reticular formation (Keller, '74; BiittnerEnnever and Henn, '76). The major fiber tract by which afferents reach the eye muscle nuclei is ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... are not quite as distinct as those shown in the drawings, but the different cell groups are also distinguished based upon their neurotransmitters, functions, and connections. In general, the hypothalamus can be divided into three tiers of nuclei. Most medially, along the wall of the third ventricle, ...
... are not quite as distinct as those shown in the drawings, but the different cell groups are also distinguished based upon their neurotransmitters, functions, and connections. In general, the hypothalamus can be divided into three tiers of nuclei. Most medially, along the wall of the third ventricle, ...
Anatomy of the cerebellum
The anatomy of the cerebellum can be viewed at three levels. At the level of large-scale anatomy, the cerebellum consists of a tightly folded and crumpled layer of cortex, with white matter underneath, several deep nuclei embedded in the white matter, and a fluid-filled ventricle in the middle. At the intermediate level, the cerebellum and its auxiliary structures can be decomposed into several hundred or thousand independently functioning modules or ""microzones"". At the microscopic level, each module consists of the same small set of neuronal elements, laid out with a highly stereotyped geometry.