Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... In these equations, W represents the average strength of excitatory synapses arising from cortical pyramidal cells and synapsing on other excitatory neurons. If neuronal output is in spikes/ms, then synaptic strength reflects the change in membrane voltage per spike (mV/ spike) because of the membra ...
... In these equations, W represents the average strength of excitatory synapses arising from cortical pyramidal cells and synapsing on other excitatory neurons. If neuronal output is in spikes/ms, then synaptic strength reflects the change in membrane voltage per spike (mV/ spike) because of the membra ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... so that care must be used in interpretation of the term ‘orbitofrontal’ when applied to rodents (Uylings and van Eden, 1990). To understand the function of this brain region in humans, the majority of the studies described were therefore performed with macaques or with humans. ...
... so that care must be used in interpretation of the term ‘orbitofrontal’ when applied to rodents (Uylings and van Eden, 1990). To understand the function of this brain region in humans, the majority of the studies described were therefore performed with macaques or with humans. ...
The Anatomy of the Posterior Commissure
... tic radiation was closely surrounded in all cases by an inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF) and a parietooccipitotemporopontine fascicle. The anatomy of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and its function are not totally understood. It connects the occipital lobe with the anterior temporal lobe a ...
... tic radiation was closely surrounded in all cases by an inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF) and a parietooccipitotemporopontine fascicle. The anatomy of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and its function are not totally understood. It connects the occipital lobe with the anterior temporal lobe a ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... the amygdala; this part of the striatum contains the highest density of serotonergic receptors and expresses, in addition to the D1 and D2 receptors, the dopamine D3 receptor (Groenewegen et al., 1996; Diaz et al., 1995). The electrophysiological properties of medium-sized spiny output neurons of th ...
... the amygdala; this part of the striatum contains the highest density of serotonergic receptors and expresses, in addition to the D1 and D2 receptors, the dopamine D3 receptor (Groenewegen et al., 1996; Diaz et al., 1995). The electrophysiological properties of medium-sized spiny output neurons of th ...
19 CORTICAL PROJECTIONS FROM TWO PRESTRIATE AREAS IN
... In the visual system from retina to cortex the diversity of cell types as judged by their electrophysiological response properties may be explained by the repeated convergence of one group of cells upon another, using both excitatory and inhibitory mechanismsL Such a convergence starts within the la ...
... In the visual system from retina to cortex the diversity of cell types as judged by their electrophysiological response properties may be explained by the repeated convergence of one group of cells upon another, using both excitatory and inhibitory mechanismsL Such a convergence starts within the la ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... their responses to a block of 50 or 100 stimulus-based trials were recorded (see NEUROPHYSIOLOGY RECORDINGS). After locating an appropriate whisker-sensitive site, the tracer was iontophoretically ejected into the DLS or thalamus by applying positive current pulses in alternating on– off intervals o ...
... their responses to a block of 50 or 100 stimulus-based trials were recorded (see NEUROPHYSIOLOGY RECORDINGS). After locating an appropriate whisker-sensitive site, the tracer was iontophoretically ejected into the DLS or thalamus by applying positive current pulses in alternating on– off intervals o ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... the different vestibular subnuclei (Kuruvilla et al. 1985; Matesz 1979) in different frontal planes and a parasagittal plane based on serially sectioned specimens corrected for distortion and shrinkage (Straka et al. 2000a). The brain stem of each frog in the present study was stereotactically measu ...
... the different vestibular subnuclei (Kuruvilla et al. 1985; Matesz 1979) in different frontal planes and a parasagittal plane based on serially sectioned specimens corrected for distortion and shrinkage (Straka et al. 2000a). The brain stem of each frog in the present study was stereotactically measu ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... Computational models of the olfactory system have investigated how the specific effects of cholinergic modulation on neuronal circuits could influence processing of olfactory stimuli (Hasselmo 1993; Linster and Gervais 1996; Linster and Hasselmo 1997a). The implementation of cholinergic effects in t ...
... Computational models of the olfactory system have investigated how the specific effects of cholinergic modulation on neuronal circuits could influence processing of olfactory stimuli (Hasselmo 1993; Linster and Gervais 1996; Linster and Hasselmo 1997a). The implementation of cholinergic effects in t ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... for a variety of neurologic diseases. Although many of these studies have focused on Alzheimer’s disease, the PDE5 literature suggests that PDE5 inhibition may be therapeutic in a variety of neurological disorders (see Discussion). Despite the successes in the animal literature, PDE5 inhibitors have ...
... for a variety of neurologic diseases. Although many of these studies have focused on Alzheimer’s disease, the PDE5 literature suggests that PDE5 inhibition may be therapeutic in a variety of neurological disorders (see Discussion). Despite the successes in the animal literature, PDE5 inhibitors have ...
Long lnterfascicular Axon Growth from Embryonic Neurons
... series in Davies et al., 1993) lay farther back and laterally at the level of the hippocampal flexure. This transplant straddled the boundary between the fimbria and stria terminalis, with some donor cells in both tracts. The transplanted cells gave rise to two narrow beams of axons, one in the fimb ...
... series in Davies et al., 1993) lay farther back and laterally at the level of the hippocampal flexure. This transplant straddled the boundary between the fimbria and stria terminalis, with some donor cells in both tracts. The transplanted cells gave rise to two narrow beams of axons, one in the fimb ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected ...
... This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... their immediate neighbors and a neighbor plus one.2 Connections beyond that are sparser, except for areas that belong to the same structural type.23 Dysgranular area 32 on the medial surface, for example, is robustly connected with dysgranular posterior orbitofrontal areas, even though they are not ...
... their immediate neighbors and a neighbor plus one.2 Connections beyond that are sparser, except for areas that belong to the same structural type.23 Dysgranular area 32 on the medial surface, for example, is robustly connected with dysgranular posterior orbitofrontal areas, even though they are not ...
Age-related changes in processing speed: unique contributions of
... in gray matter across the source or component predicts processing speed. Specific examples of structural components that are spatially consistent with functional networks, such as the default mode network, are presented below. In addition to identifying variation in anatomy that may underlie functio ...
... in gray matter across the source or component predicts processing speed. Specific examples of structural components that are spatially consistent with functional networks, such as the default mode network, are presented below. In addition to identifying variation in anatomy that may underlie functio ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... (PL) in cognition and their interactions in goal-directed behaviors in the rat. The PL strongly interconnects with a relatively small group of structures that, like PL, subserve cognition, and together have been designated the ‘PL circuit.’ These structures primarily include the hippocampus, insular ...
... (PL) in cognition and their interactions in goal-directed behaviors in the rat. The PL strongly interconnects with a relatively small group of structures that, like PL, subserve cognition, and together have been designated the ‘PL circuit.’ These structures primarily include the hippocampus, insular ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions (Fellows, 2007, 2011; Wheeler & Fellows, 2008), and has been contrasted with the effects of lesions to the anterior cingulate cortex which impair the use of feedback to learn about actions (Camille, Tsuchida, & Fellows, 2011; Fellows, 2011; Rolls, 2014). Do ...
... patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions (Fellows, 2007, 2011; Wheeler & Fellows, 2008), and has been contrasted with the effects of lesions to the anterior cingulate cortex which impair the use of feedback to learn about actions (Camille, Tsuchida, & Fellows, 2011; Fellows, 2011; Rolls, 2014). Do ...
Richard Thompson
... my graduate class and 6 received their Ph.D. As was true of many others, my interests in brain substrates of memory were greatly stimulated by Donald Hebb's remarkable book The Organization of Behavior (1949). Hebb tried to reconcile Lashley's "mass action" with neuronal connectivity. Hebb's book re ...
... my graduate class and 6 received their Ph.D. As was true of many others, my interests in brain substrates of memory were greatly stimulated by Donald Hebb's remarkable book The Organization of Behavior (1949). Hebb tried to reconcile Lashley's "mass action" with neuronal connectivity. Hebb's book re ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... 0 and 255 correspond to white and black colors, respectively. The camera was connected to a Macintosh computer via a video digitizing card (Scion Corporation). Images were digitized and analyzed using Scion NIH Image software. In an attempt to preserve identical illumination conditions for different ...
... 0 and 255 correspond to white and black colors, respectively. The camera was connected to a Macintosh computer via a video digitizing card (Scion Corporation). Images were digitized and analyzed using Scion NIH Image software. In an attempt to preserve identical illumination conditions for different ...
the organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex
... long stimulation trains did not resemble muscle twitches or segregated joint rotations. Instead they were complex, involved many joints in coordination, and often resembled meaningful actions such as putting the hand to the mouth and opening the mouth, making a defensive gesture as if to ward off an ...
... long stimulation trains did not resemble muscle twitches or segregated joint rotations. Instead they were complex, involved many joints in coordination, and often resembled meaningful actions such as putting the hand to the mouth and opening the mouth, making a defensive gesture as if to ward off an ...
Orientation topography of layer 4 lateral networks revealed by
... focused exclusively on layer 2/3. Because different cortical layers are composed of different neuron types, the question arises whether the layer 2/3 ®ndings could also be applied to deeper laminae. In the present study, we focused our interest on layer 4 connections. Electrophysiological studies sh ...
... focused exclusively on layer 2/3. Because different cortical layers are composed of different neuron types, the question arises whether the layer 2/3 ®ndings could also be applied to deeper laminae. In the present study, we focused our interest on layer 4 connections. Electrophysiological studies sh ...
Levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate
... transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions in many of these diseases [13, 35]. Axoplasmic transport promotes the transport of proteins or organelles like mitochondria and vesicles along the axon, and occurs along the cy ...
... transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions in many of these diseases [13, 35]. Axoplasmic transport promotes the transport of proteins or organelles like mitochondria and vesicles along the axon, and occurs along the cy ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
... out to locate internal structures such as the anterior commissure, boundaries of the striatum and globus pallidus, and the amygdala. After stereotaxic coordinates for the boundaries of these structures were located, the location of the CeM, CeLcn and IPAC was estimated. Small deposits of retrograde ...
... out to locate internal structures such as the anterior commissure, boundaries of the striatum and globus pallidus, and the amygdala. After stereotaxic coordinates for the boundaries of these structures were located, the location of the CeM, CeLcn and IPAC was estimated. Small deposits of retrograde ...
Somatostatin-Expressing Inhibitory Interneurons in Cortical Circuits
... (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that can be distinguished by their morphology, input and output connectivity, laminar location, firing properties, and expression of molecular markers. Several of these classes of ...
... (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that can be distinguished by their morphology, input and output connectivity, laminar location, firing properties, and expression of molecular markers. Several of these classes of ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... stimulation, the least-square best-sine function was defined by the neuronal activity above threshold. Sensitivity (imprs 01 /(degrs 01 ), i.e., the amplitude of the resulting leastsquare best-sine function divided by the velocity of the vestibular stimulation) and phase were determined in relation ...
... stimulation, the least-square best-sine function was defined by the neuronal activity above threshold. Sensitivity (imprs 01 /(degrs 01 ), i.e., the amplitude of the resulting leastsquare best-sine function divided by the velocity of the vestibular stimulation) and phase were determined in relation ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... cortex issues ‘feedback’ projections to parietal cortex. However, the architectonic heterogeneity of these cortices raises the question of whether distinct areas have laminar-specific interconnections underlying their complex functional relationship. Using quantitative procedures, we showed that lam ...
... cortex issues ‘feedback’ projections to parietal cortex. However, the architectonic heterogeneity of these cortices raises the question of whether distinct areas have laminar-specific interconnections underlying their complex functional relationship. Using quantitative procedures, we showed that lam ...
Anatomy of the cerebellum
The anatomy of the cerebellum can be viewed at three levels. At the level of large-scale anatomy, the cerebellum consists of a tightly folded and crumpled layer of cortex, with white matter underneath, several deep nuclei embedded in the white matter, and a fluid-filled ventricle in the middle. At the intermediate level, the cerebellum and its auxiliary structures can be decomposed into several hundred or thousand independently functioning modules or ""microzones"". At the microscopic level, each module consists of the same small set of neuronal elements, laid out with a highly stereotyped geometry.