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What is a Synapse? The spaces between neurons and adjacent neurons or effectors are known as synapses. Synapses usually involve many neurons. What happens at a Synapse? 1) The nerve impulse (action potential) moves along the presynaptic neuron towards the synapse. 2) This causes calcium ions to enter the neuron. What happens at a Synapse? 3) Calcium ions cause chemicals called neurotransmitters that are stored in vesicles at the end of the presynaptic axon to be released into the synapse (synaptic cleft). What happens at a Synapse? 4) They diffuse across the synaptic cleft and attach to membrane receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. 5) This opens up sodium channels and allows sodium into the postsynaptic neuron which causes the depolarization to continue on. What happens at a Synapse? Sometimes neurotransmitters can work against sending a message and can be inhibitory. When they bind to the post-synaptic neuron, they let potassium out instead of sodium in, which makes the neuron even more negative! This is called hyperpolarization. What happens at a synapse? 6) Once the message has been sent across the synapse, the neurotransmitters either get recycled back into the pre-synaptic neuron or get broken down. Time lag… The diffusion of neurotransmitters is a slow process, so a neural response that involves many synapses takes a relatively longer time than a simple reflex arc. And in summation… Summation is when two or more neurons are needed to create an action potential in a further neuron. The sum of their firing causes an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.