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Transcript
Understanding the Neuron 2 Internal Messaging Systems 1. Nervous System- fast acting- messages travel through neurons (nerve cells) 2. Endocrine System- slower acting- messages travel through hormones 3 Types of Neurons 1. Sensory- afferent- receives messages from sense organs 2. Motor- efferent- sends messages to other parts of the body 3. Inter- communicates between sensory and motor neurons How Neurons Work • Dendrites receive messages • Pass info to SOMA; prioritizes messages to send to AXON How a neural message is “Fired” • Resting potential: resting axon has a – charge • Action potential: when excited, pores open and + ions flow through axon “firing” an electrical pathway to the terminal button – Increase in + ions is called depolarization – the # of ions necessary for “firing” is called the threshold • Once the process starts, it cannot stop: All-ornone principle. • After neuron has “fired” there is a period of time where it cannot “fire” again. This is called the refractory period. Synaptic Transmission • The end of the axon = terminal button • When electric pulse reaches TB, it converts to a chemical message which can cross the synapse = (space between neurons) – This is called a synaptic transmission Neurotransmitters • Chemicals that can take a message across the synaptic gap • Until electric pulses to terminal button, NTs are “stored” in a sac held in the TB called a synaptic vesicle • Like a lock and key, specific neurotransmitters are designed to “fit” specific receptors. • NTs are broken down and recycled to be reused • Through reuptake, recycled NTs are sucked back into synaptic vesicles, resulting in a more muted message ***Memorize table 3.1 on page 76*** Plasticity • Refers to neural ability to change, create new and strengthen existing connections –Means recovery is possible when brain is damaged • Especially effective in children Glial Cells • Support neurons by holding them together and providing structural support • Form myelin sheath (fatty insulation) around axonsimportant b/c it protects the neurons while electrically charged!
