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Neurons and Neurotransmitters Nervous System – Central nervous system (CNS): • Brain • Spinal cord – Peripheral nervous system (PNS): • Sensory neurons • Motor neurons (somatic and autonomic) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Spinal Cord • Motor Neurons Somatic Nervous System voluntary movements via skeletal muscles Sympathetic - “Fight-or-Flight” responses • Sensory Neurons Autonomic Nervous System organs, smooth muscles Parasympathetic - maintenance Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Divisions of the autonomic nervous system The Nervous System • A physical organ system like any other • 2 main kinds of cells – Neurons – Glia Neurons Basic units of the nervous system Receive, integrate, and transmit information Operate through electrical impulses Communicate with other neurons through chemical signals Glial cells • 100 billion neurons • 10x more glial cells • Glial cells – Support neurons (literally, provide physical support, as well as nutrients) – Cover neurons with myelin – Clean up debris – “Housewives” Three main types of neurons • Sensory Neurons • Interneurons • Motor Neurons Types of neurons • Sensory Carries information from sensory organs to CNS (through somatic system) • Motor Carries information from CNS to muscles and glands (somatic & autonomic systems) Connect neurons to other • Inter (relay) neurons (lots of these in the CNS) Sensory (Afferent) vs. Motor (Efferent) sensory (afferent) nerve e.g., skin Neurons that send signals from the senses, skin, muscles, and internal organs to the CNS motor (efferent) nerve Neurons that transmit commands from the CNS to the muscles, glands, and organs e.g., muscle The Withdrawal Reflex Neuron Anatomy and Neural Communication A neuron Neurons Dendrites Cell Body Myelin Sheath Axon of another neuron Axon Dendrites of another neuron Source: science photo library Neurons Neuronal cell bodies Axons Synapses occur at the junctions Neural Anatomy Dendrite the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body Axon the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands Neural Anatomy and communication Synapse junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft Synapse movie Relay Race • Action Potential starts at dendrite – Through cell body – Down Axon – Axon Terminals • How does it get to the next cell’s dendrites? • Neurons don’t touch – Synapse = millionth inch gap – In synapse = vesicles w/ neurotransmitters » Chemical messengers that transmit info Myelin Sheath – Fatty material made by glial cells – Insulates the axon – Allows for rapid movement of electrical impulses along axon – Nodes of Ranvier: gaps in myelin sheath where action potentials are transmitted – Multiple sclerosis is a breakdown of myelin sheath – Speed of neural impulse Ranges from 2 – 200+ mph Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse More neurotransmitters