* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Module Two
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Apical dendrite wikipedia , lookup
Convolutional neural network wikipedia , lookup
Neuroethology wikipedia , lookup
Types of artificial neural networks wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease wikipedia , lookup
Artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Action potential wikipedia , lookup
Node of Ranvier wikipedia , lookup
Neural modeling fields wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Neural oscillation wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Multielectrode array wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Electrophysiology wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Pre-Bötzinger complex wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Chemical synapse wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
How is the Nervous System Organized? Chapter 2-Neuroscience: The Brain and Behavior 11 Module Objectives: Identify and define the structures of the neuron Identify and discuss the role of neurotransmitters on behavior 2 Ancient cultures believed the heart was the center of all thoughts and emotions. But we now know that the brain and the rest of the nervous system are the power behind our psychological life and much of our physical being. 3 This chapter introduces you to the field of neuroscience and biopsychology the scientific study of the biology of behavior and mental processes 4 This amazingly complex nervous system controls some of our most sophisticated psychological behaviors We will begin by examining the most basic elements of the human nervous system. Let’s look at our foundation! 5 The Neuron The neuron is the basic building block of the nervous system ‐ Each one is a tiny information-processing system with thousands of connections for receiving and sending electrochemical signals to other neurons. Each human body may have as many as one trillion neurons. 6 Look at the following pictures and make a list of words that best describe the picture Pretend that you’re describing the picture to a friend who cannot see it. 77 8 9 10 Did you notice a web-like appearance in those neurons? We will see that neurons do create a neural network crucial to communication…what you will also learn is that as much as they look like a web, neurons do not actually touch 1111 4 parts of the neuron 1. Dendrites are specialized to receive signals from neighboring neurons and carry them back to the cell body Thin, bushy-like structures that receive information from outside the neuron ‐ Relays the information into the cell body 12 The Neuron 2. The Cell body contains the cell nucleus The cell body relays the information down to the axon 13 The structure of a neuron 3. Axon: A thin, long structure that transmits signals from the cell body to the axon terminal. Axon 4. Axon Terminal is the last step for the relay of information inside the 14 neuron. The cell body is covered with Axon Terminals 15 Once the information hits the terminal, it is transmitted outside the cell by neurotransmitters, which reside in the axon terminal. 16 16 How do Neurons Communicate? -Electrical Communication -Chemical Communication 17 17 18 The Electrical Part Action potential is an electrical current sent down the axon. The activity within the neurons is electrical. This current causes the neuron to “fire” ‐ This is an “all-or-none” process…a neuron never firs half way. It either fires or it doesn’t. 19 Action potentials travel down the axon like a wave of energy 20 Synaptic transmission The Synapse is the space between neurons -The synaptic gap or cleft Information must be transmitted across the synapse to other neurons via the neurotransmitters. This is an electrochemical process 21 Notice how the neurons don’t physically touch 22 Let’s Review! 23 Presynaptic Neuron 24 Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that reside in the axon terminals • They communicate to other neurons by binding to receptors on neighboring neurons -The communication between neurons is chemical 25 Chemical Communication 26 Synaptic Transmission The neurotransmitters are released from the vesicles and then attach to receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron. These neurotransmitters are in contact with the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron only briefly. ‐ The chemical is almost immediately destroyed or reabsorbed (reuptake) 27 Neurotransmitters At least 50 different types of neurotransmitters have been identified ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Acetylcholine GABA Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine Endorphins 28 Acetylcholine Activates motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal and memory 29 Examples of Neurotransmitters Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is involved in experiences of anxiety, alcohol abuse, seizure disorders, and sleep disorders Serotonin is involved in sleep and mood regulation, eating and aggression ‐ Abnormal levels may contribute to depression and OCD 30 Dopamine Contributes to control of voluntary movements, feelings of reward and pleasure ‐ Too much dopamine has been associated with schizophrenia ‐ Too little dopamine has been associated with ADD and Parkinson’s Disease 31 Norepinephrine Involved in arousal reactions, especially important for vigilance ‐ A heightened sensitivity to your surroundings 32 How do drugs effect behavior? 33 33 Drugs Impact on the Brain Common drugs can alter the amount of a neurotransmitter released at the synapses Some drugs can mimic/facilitate the action of the neurotransmitters while others can block the action of the neurotransmitter. 34 Agonists versus Antagonists Agonists mimic or facilitate the actions of a neurotransmitter Antagonists oppose/block the actions of a neurotransmitter Agonist Antagonist 35 36 37 What’s Next? The Brain How do the neurons work together? ‐ The Central Nervous System ‐ The Peripheral Nervous System 38