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Biological Perspective Week 2 Biopsychology Definition: branch of psychology dealing with the effects of biological factors on behavior Founder = Descargar Pineal gland was point of contact between the mind and body Cartesian hydro-mechanics people have a soul that allows them to move Julien Offrey de la Mettrie to understand the mind, you must study the brain Luigi Galvani muscle movement is due to electricity Experiment with frog legs What is the Nervous System? Complex communication network – how your body/brain communicate Regulates bodily functions and activities The nervous system tissue falls into two categories: Neurons Glia = “glue” Two major divisions The Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System The Neuron Neurons – individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. Parts of the Neuron: Dendrites – receive information Soma – cell body (info flows into this) Axon – transmits info to other neurons/muscles/glands Myelin Sheath – insulates the axon, speeds up transmission 5. Terminal Button – end of axon, secretes neurotransmitters at the synapse 6. Synapse – junction where info is sent from one neuron to another 1. 2. 3. 4. Label the Neuron! • Axon • Axon Terminal/Terminal Button • Soma/Cell Body • Dendrite • Myelin Sheath • Node of Ranvier • Nucleus • Schwann Cell Three Types of Neurons 1. Sensory Neurons - direct external impulses inward to the central nervous system to be processed 2. Motor Neurons - project axons out from the central nervous system to control muscles 3. Interneurons - connect the sensory and motor neurons ~100 billion neurons in the human brain Glia Glia are cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons Outnumber neurons by 10 to 1! Glia have many functions Supply nourishment to cells Help remove neurons’ waste products Provide insulation around many axons Neuron Impulse Neural impulses always travel in one direction Neurons rely on electrical signals and chemical transfer to communicate Electrical Signals: Action Potentials Chemical Signals: Neurotransmitters Neuron at Rest Within the Neuron: (+) and (–) charged ions flow back & forth across cell membrane – but at DIFFERENT rates Leads to higher concentration of negatively charged ions in cell Neuron’s resting potential = The negative charge when a cell is not active (-70 millivolts) Action Potential Action Potential (AP) – Brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge Stimulation occurs Channels open Positively charged ions rush in Neuron becomes less negative Shifts from -70 millivolts to +40 millivolts Absolute Refractory Period – length of time after one AP fires when another AP cannot begin “Down time” All-or-None Law – AP either fires, or it doesn’t No “half-firing” APs are always same size (no weak or strong APs) The Synapse and when a Neurotransmitter Binds: Video clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhowH0kb7n0 Neurotransmitters Specific neurotransmitters work at specific sites. Acetylcholine (ACh) Noradrenaline (NA) – aka Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin GABA Any Questions? Nervous System Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic: voluntary muscles & sensory receptors Autonomic: automatic/involuntary functions Sympathetic – GO (Fight/flight) slows digestion, etc Parasympathetic – STOP (Resting) saves & stores energy CNS: Hindbrain Medulla – unconscious, vital functions Circulation, breathing, sneezing, coughing, salivating, swallowing, heartbeat Pons – “the bridge” connects brainstem to cerebellum Sleep & arousal Cerebellum – “Little brain” Coordination, balance One of first structures depressed by alcohol CNS: Midbrain Smallest region of the brain Integrates sensory processes Reticular formation (also in hindbrain) Reflexes, breathing, pain perception, sleep & arousal CNS: Forebrain 1. Thalamus – sensory relay station 2. Hypothalamus – basic biological drives (hunger, thirst, sex drive) 3. Limbic System – emotion & memory 4. Cerebrum– complex mental activities (learning, remembering, consciousness and voluntary movement) Cerebrum Left hemisphere – verbal processing: language, speech, reading, writing Right hemisphere – nonverbal processing: spatial, musical, visual recognition Connected by corpus callosum Corpus callosum Language Processing Broca’s area: speech production Video: https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=f2IiMEbMnPM Wernicke’s area: language comprehension Video: https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=aVhYN7NTIKU Located in the left hemisphere 4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal: movement, executive functions Parietal: sensations (touch) Occipital: vision Temporal: hearing, visual processing, memory Key to remembering: F-POT CASE STUDIES Use your knowledge of the anatomy and workings of the brain to describe what brain areas are particularly stimulated and how this brain activation relates to the behavior described in the scenarios below. Given that the people involved are alive, a multitude of brain structures are operating; select the brain areas that are activated more than normal in these individuals. 1) Anne, the landscape artist, is standing at her easel, painting with her right hand as she looks out the window at her garden. She’s listening to classical music as she paints. 2) Crazy Eddie, the professional wrestler, is in the ring wrestling. The crowd is yelling, and his opponent is taunting him. Eddie yells back at his opponent. The two of them are out of breath and sweating profusely. They continue their wellorchestrated series of wrestling moves. FOR NEUROANATOMY ACTIVITY 3) Jill is a law student studying for her exam. She is reading about violent rape and murder cases. She is snacking on popcorn and drinking coffee.