Download File - CYPA Psychology

AP Psychology: Neuroscience Overview Test
1. Visual hallucinations, such as seeing people who are not really there, can be caused by:
A) prolonged use of crystal meth (the crystalline form of methamphetamine).
B) heat exhaustion.
C) retinal abnormalities.
D) stroke.
2. The inability to recognize familiar faces, even when vision is normal, is a disorder known
as:
A) apraxia.
B) hypoxia.
C) prosopagnosia.
D) anosmia.
3. Approximately how many cells are in the human brain?
A) 10 million
B) 50 million
C) 1 billion
D) 100 billion
4. ________ are cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform
information-processing tasks.
A) Glia
B) Oligodendrocytes
C) Mitochondria
D) Neurons
5. Who discovered the brain is composed of individual cells connected like a lattice by using a
special staining technique?
A) Andrew Huxley
B) Roger Sperry
C) Santiago Ramón y Cajal
D) B. F. Skinner
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6. Ramón y Cajal discovered that:
A) neurons do not actually physically touch.
B) neurons are composed mainly of the Golgi apparatus.
C) the brain is one continuous singular unit.
D) the hippocampus is important for memory.
7. Another name for the cell body of a neuron is the:
A) schema.
B) axon.
C) soma.
D) dendrite.
8. The largest component of the neuron, which coordinates the information-processing tasks
and keeps the cell alive, is the:
A) cell body.
B) nucleus.
C) axon.
D) synapse.
9. Which component of the neuron houses the chromosomes, the genetic blueprint of an
individual?
A) dendrite
B) axon
C) ribosome
D) nucleus
10. What are the two specialized extensions of the neuron that allow it to communicate?
A) axons and synapses
B) dendrites and axons
C) dendrites and cell bodies
D) axons and myelin
11. The ________ receive information; the ________ transmit information.
A) axons; cell bodies
B) axons; dendrites
C) dendrites; axons
D) dendrites; glia
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12. Its name derived from the Greek word for “tree,” a ________ of a neuron is so called
because of its appearance, with several branching processes.
A) synapse
B) axon
C) myelin
D) dendrite
13. The insulating layer of fatty material that covers the axon of many neurons is called the:
A) axon sheath.
B) myelin sheath.
C) glial cover.
D) glial insulator.
14. ________ cells are support cells found in the nervous system.
A) Teratogenic
B) Mitochondrial
C) Glial
D) Neural
15. There are ________ glial cells in the brain than the number of neurons.
A) 10 to 50 times more
B) 10 to 50 times fewer
C) approximately the same number
D) 100 to 500 times more
16. The myelin wrapped around an axon serves:
A) as a special immune defense for the neuron.
B) to increase the efficiency of transmission of the neuron.
C) as a resistor that slows the speed of transmission of the neuron.
D) no functional purpose.
17. Loss of feeling in the limbs, partial blindness, and difficulty in coordinated movement may
indicate a ________ disease such as ________.
A) metabolic; epilepsy
B) demyelinating; Alzheimer's disease
C) athleroscleritic; Parkinson's disease
D) demyelinating; multiple sclerosis
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18. The gap between one neuron's axon and a dendrite or cell body of another neuron is part of
the:
A) soma.
B) synapse.
C) myelin.
D) glia.
19. Which type of neuron receives information from the external world and conveys this
information to the brain?
A) sensory neuron
B) motor neuron
C) interneuron
D) Purkinje cell
20. ________ carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement.
A) Sensory neurons
B) Motor neurons
C) Interneurons
D) Cortical neurons
21. ________ work together in small circuits to perform simple tasks.
A) Sensory neurons
B) Motor neurons
C) Interneurons
D) Vagal neurons
22. What type of sensory neuron found in the retina has a single axon and a single dendrite?
A) medium spiny cell
B) Purkinje cell
C) pyramidal cell
D) bipolar cell
23. Mirror neurons have been identified in the:
A) frontal and temporal lobes.
B) frontal and parietal lobes.
C) parietal and temporal lobes.
D) parietal and occipital lobes.
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24. Mirror neurons are active:
A) both when an animal reaches for food and when it observes the same behavior in
another animal.
B) only when an animal reaches for food.
C) only when an animal observes a “reaching for food” response in another animal.
D) only when an animal is exposed to its own image.
25. Stronger activation of mirror neurons when observing an action within a context, as
opposed to observing the same action in isolation, has important implications for the
neural representation of:
A) vanity.
B) sensory processing.
C) understanding the intentions of others.
D) locomotor processing.
26. The electrochemical action of neurons proceeds in two stages, ________ followed by
________.
A) polarization; hyperpolarization
B) conduction; transmission
C) transmission; conduction
D) conduction; repolarization
27. The travel of a signal between neurons, that is, over a synapse, is known as:
A) the resting potential.
B) polarization.
C) conduction.
D) transmission.
28. The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a neuron's cell
membrane is the:
A) transmission.
B) conduction.
C) resting potential.
D) action potential.
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29. Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley first measured the resting potential of neurons in the
________ in the summer of 1939.
A) squid
B) bear
C) dolphin
D) human
30. At rest, there is a higher concentration of ________ inside the cell membrane of the neuron
and a higher concentration of ________ outside.
A) Na+; K+
B) K+; Na+
C) Na+; Ca++
D) Na+; Cl–
31. ________ channels are open while a neuron is at rest; most ________ channels are closed.
A) Na+; Cl–
B) Na+; K+
C) Na+; Ca++
D) K+; Na+
32. An electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron's axon to a synapse is
called a(n):
A) electrostatic potential.
B) resting potential.
C) action potential.
D) equilibrium potential.
33. The peak of an action potential is typically measured at about:
A) –40 millivolts.
B) 0 millivolts.
C) +10 millivolts.
D) +40 millivolts.
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34. The time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be
initiated is called the:
A) regenerative period.
B) resting period.
C) refractory period.
D) omission period.
35. The nodes of Ranvier are:
A) the spaces in which one neuron receives information from another neuron.
B) spaces between sections of myelin on an axon.
C) the sections of myelin wrapped around the axon.
D) the “jumping” of the electrical signal.
36. Most axons end in a knoblike swelling structure called the:
A) terminal button.
B) axon knob.
C) swelling button.
D) vesicle
37. The end of a neuron contains many ________, which are filled with ________ for
transmitting messages to the neuron on the other side of the synapse.
A) transporters; neurotransmitters
B) vesicles; receptors
C) neurotransmitters; vesicles
D) vesicles; neurotransmitters
38. ________ are structures in the cell membrane that receive neurotransmitters and initiate a
new electrical signal.
A) Terminal buttons
B) Synapses
C) Receptors
D) Vesicles
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39. A neuron that sends information is a ________ neuron; a neuron that receives information
is a ________ neuron.
A) postsynaptic; presynaptic
B) presynaptic; postsynaptic
C) a priori; post hoc
D) initiator; disseminator
40. Which of the following is not a mechanism for getting neurotransmitters to leave the
synapse?
A) reuptake
B) reconstitution
C) enzyme deactivation
D) autoreception
41. ________, one of the first neurotransmitters to be discovered, is involved in voluntary
motor control.
A) Glutamate
B) Serotonin
C) Dopamine
D) Acetylcholine
42. ________, which involves severe impairment of memory, is most closely associated with
the deterioration of ________-producing neurons.
A) Alzheimer's disease; acetylcholine
B) Alzheimer's disease; dopamine
C) Parkinson's disease; acetylcholine
D) Huntington's disease; endorphin
43. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with pleasure and
motivation?
A) glutamate
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) acetylcholine
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44. ________ is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; ________ is the primary
inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
A) Glutamate; GABA
B) GABA; glutamate
C) Glutamate; serotonin
D) GABA; dopamine
45. Drugs that enhance GABA are used in treating all the following conditions except:
A) seizures.
B) convulsions.
C) anxiety.
D) Alzheimer's disease.
46. ________ is most closely associated with states of vigilance and heightened awareness.
A) GABA
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Acetylcholine
47. Low levels of both ________ and ________ have been implicated as contributory factors
in mood disorders.
A) norepinephrine; acetylcholine
B) endorphins; serotonin
C) GABA; serotonin
D) norepinephrine; serotonin
48. A(n) ________ is a drug that increases the action of a neurotransmitter.
A) mimicker
B) protagonist
C) agonist
D) antagonist
49. Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter are called:
A) mimickers.
B) protagonists.
C) agonists.
D) antagonists.
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50. ________, a treatment for Parkinson's disease, is an agonist for the neurotransmitter
________.
A) L-dopa; dopamine
B) L-dopa; serotonin
C) choline; acetylcholine
D) guanine; endorphin
51. ________ stimulates the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and also blocks their
reuptake.
A) Amphetamine
B) Cocaine
C) L-dopa
D) Prozac
52. Prozac, a drug commonly used to treat depression, is a:
A) selective serotonin inhibitor.
B) selective serotonin antagonist.
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
D) selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
53. The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and the ________.
A) central nervous system; brain
B) central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
C) peripheral nervous system; spinal cord
D) brain; spinal cord
54. The central nervous system is made up of the:
A) brain and the cranial nerves.
B) spinal nerves and the cranial nerves.
C) somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.
D) brain and the spinal cord.
55. Which of the following is the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that perceives,
thinks, and coordinates behaviors?
A) central nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system
C) somatic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
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56. Which of the following is the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that controls
the involuntary functioning of blood vessels, body organs, and glands?
A) central nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system
C) somatic nervous system
D) sympathetic nervous system
57. The two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ________ and the
________.
A) sympathetic nervous system; empathetic nervous system
B) central nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system; somatic nervous system
D) sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
58. What subdivision of the autonomic nervous system would be most associated with the
phrase “fight or flight”?
A) central nervous system
B) parasympathetic nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system
59. What subdivision of the autonomic nervous system would be most associated with the
phrase “wait and vegetate”?
A) central nervous system
B) parasympathetic nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system
60. Overactivation of the ________ nervous system during sexual behavior can lead to
premature ejaculation in males and lack of lubrication in females.
A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) central
D) somatic
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61. Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions are
called:
A) spinal reflexes.
B) reflexive arcs.
C) habits.
D) spinal reflections.
62. The ________ the damage to the spinal cord, the ________ the prognosis for sensation
and movement throughout the body.
A) higher; better
B) higher; worse
C) lower; worse
D) more complete; better
63. In research at Duke University, monkeys were trained to control the cursor on a computer
without moving a joystick. To permit this action, what part of a monkey's brain was
connected to the computer?
A) hippocampus
B) sensory cortex
C) motor cortex
D) cerebellum
64. The area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and going out of the spinal
cord is the:
A) coordination cortex.
B) midbrain.
C) forebrain.
D) hindbrain.
65. Which one of the following structures is not part of the hindbrain?
A) tegmentum
B) medulla
C) cerebellum
D) pons
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66. The part of the hindbrain essential for coordinating heart rate, circulation, and respiration
is the:
A) tegmentum.
B) tectum.
C) medulla.
D) cerebellum.
67. What part of the hindbrain controls fine motor skills?
A) pons
B) medulla
C) reticular formation
D) cerebellum
68. The ________ cells are the sole output for motor coordination of the cerebellum.
A) Purkinje
B) dentate
C) striatal
D) pyramidal
69. The ________ is mainly involved in orienting an organism in its environment.
A) reticular formation
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) tectum
70. The ________ contains two areas of the brain that are rich in dopamine and are critical for
movement and reward.
A) cerebellum
B) tectum
C) tegmentum
D) locus coeruleus
71. The two main sections of the forebrain are the:
A) cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures.
B) cerebral cortex and the cerebellum.
C) pons and the subcortical structures.
D) cerebral cortex and the neocortex.
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72. The outermost layer of the brain, which is divided into two hemispheres, is the
A) hypothalamus.
B) thalamus.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) subcortical structures.
73. The ________ relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information
to the cerebral cortex.
A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) cerebellum
D) tegmentum
74. The ________ sits ________ the thalamus and regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst,
and sexual behavior.
A) cingulate cortex; above
B) hippocampus; below
C) hypothalamus; above
D) hypothalamus; below
75. The ________, the “master gland,” releases hormones that direct the functions of many
other glands in the body.
A) hypothalamus
B) pituitary gland
C) adrenal gland
D) thymus
76. The ________ contains several structures that are involved in motivation, emotion,
learning, and memory.
A) emotionalization system
B) hindbrain
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) limbic system
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77. The hippocampus is named for its ________-like shape; the amygdala is named for its
________-like shape.
A) sea horse; cashew
B) hippopotamus; almond
C) sea horse; almond
D) tent; rectangle
78. Damage to the hippocampus results in a loss of the ability to:
A) move without shaking.
B) remember procedural tasks, like driving.
C) acquire new information.
D) store new information for more than a few seconds.
79. The ________ attaches significance to previously neutral events that are associated with
fear, punishment, or reward.
A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus
80. The ________, a part of the basal ganglia, is important for directing intentional
movements; decreased levels of dopamine, as in Parkinson's patients, impair its
functioning.
A) hippocampus
B) striatum
C) hypothalamus
D) reticular formation
81. The smooth, raised surfaces of the cerebral cortex are called ________; the indentations are
called ________.
A) gyri; fissi
B) bumps; valleys
C) sulci; gyri
D) gyri; sulci
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82. Grabbing an apple with the right hand requires the activation of the left hemisphere of the
brain. This pattern is referred to as:
A) bilateral control.
B) unilateral control.
C) contralateral control.
D) ipsilateral control.
83. The ________ is the largest commissure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.
A) corpus callosum
B) corpus anubus
C) anterior commissure
D) stria medularis
84. The ________ lobe is located at the back of the cerebral cortex; it processes visual
information.
A) frontal
B) occipital
C) temporal
D) parietal
85. The ________, or “little man,” is a representation of the amount of somatosensory cortex
that resides in the ________ lobe.
A) homominiaturus; frontal
B) homunculus; occipital
C) mininculus; temporal
D) homunculus; parietal
86. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is mainly involved in processing hearing and language?
A) temporal
B) occipital
C) frontal
D) parietal
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87. The ________ lobe has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning,
memory, and judgment.
A) temporal
B) occipital
C) frontal
D) parietal
88. The process that allows an amputee to “feel” sensations in a missing limb (for example,
sensation in a missing hand when regions of the face are touched) is called:
A) peripheral reassignment.
B) peripheral optimization.
C) brain construction.
D) brain plasticity.
89. Taxi drivers who repeatedly drive in certain areas have highly developed spatial maps in
the ________ as a result of brain plasticity.
A) hippocampus
B) somatosensory cortex
C) cerebral cortex
D) central collostus
90. The cerebral hemispheres form during and after the ________ week of development.
A) first
B) seventh
C) fourteenth
D) twenty-first
91. The ________ of the brain is extremely fast relative to the ________ of the brain.
A) evolution; phylogeny
B) phylogeny; ontogeny
C) ontogeny; phylogeny
D) phylogeny; individual development
92. What was the first organism to have what we consider a true central nervous system?
A) protozoon
B) flatworm
C) jellyfish
D) grizzly bear
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93. Researchers who compared the sequences of 200 brain-related genes in different animals
found a collection of genes that evolved most rapidly in:
A) birds.
B) invertebrates.
C) primates.
D) worms.
94. ________ are units of hereditary transmission that are organized into large threads of
DNA called ________.
A) Chromosomes; fibrillaries
B) Genes; forensics
C) Chromosomes; genes
D) Genes; chromosomes
95. A heritability score of .27 for schizophrenia indicates that:
A) 73% of the variability for developing schizophrenia is accounted for by the
environment.
B) people with parents who have schizophrenia are 27 times more likely to develop
schizophrenia than people who don't.
C) schizophrenia is determined mostly by genetics and not by the environment.
D) people with schizophrenia have a 27% chance of relapsing after initially successful
treatment.
96. Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke provided some of the earliest evidence that:
A) the cortex operates as a single unitary organ.
B) brain damage can change the personality.
C) speech functions are typically served by the right side of the brain.
D) there are separate areas of the brain for speech production and for speech
comprehension.
97. Phineas Gage's accident provided some of the first evidence that the frontal lobes are
critical for:
A) emotion regulation.
B) planning.
C) decision making.
D) all the functions listed.
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98. The split-brain procedure involves severing the ________, usually to stop the spread of
debilitating seizures.
A) anterior commissure
B) corpus collosum
C) pons
D) pituitary gland
99. An EEG measures:
A) the electrical activity of certain areas of the brain.
B) single-neuron activity.
C) possible damage to the basal ganglia.
D) the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.
100. For what work did David Hubel and Torsten Weisel win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine?
A) discovering the function unit of genetic transmission
B) discovering the mechanism underlying Parkinson's disease
C) mapping the visual cortex in cats
D) mapping the auditory cortex in humans
101. What was one of the first neuroimaging techniques developed?
A) magnetic resonance imaging
B) computerized axial tomography
C) positron emission tomography
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging
102. ________ and ________ are functional neuroimaging techniques.
A) CT scans; PET
B) PET; MRI
C) PET; fMRI
D) CT scans; fMRI
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Answer Key - Untitled Exam-7
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