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The biological basis of behavior liudexiang contents • Neurons • The central nervous system • The peripheral nervous system neuron Neurons: the messengers • Neurons: individual cells that are the smallest unit of the nervous system. • Dendrites: short fibers that branch out from the cell body and pick up incoming messages. • Axon: single long fiber extending from the cell body; it carries outgoing messages. Neurons: the messengers • Nerve: group of axon bundled together. • Myelin sheath: white fatty covering found on some axons. Types of neurons • Sensory neurons: neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain. • Motor neurons: neurons that carry messages from the spinal or brain to the muscles and glands. • Interneurons: neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another. Motor neurons Types of neurons The synapse • Synapse: area composed of the axon terminal of one neuron, the synaptic space, and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron. • Neurotransmitters: chemicals released by the synaptic vesicles that travel across the synaptic space and affect adjacent neurons. • Synaptic vesicles: tiny sacs in a terminal button that release chemicals into the synapse. The synapse The synapse The central nervous system • CNS: division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. The hindbrain • Area that containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Forebrain/Midbrain/Hindbrain Cerebral cortex • Frontal lobe: part of cerebral cortex that is responsible for voluntary movement; it is also important for attention, goal-directed behavior, and appropriate emotional experiences. The four lobes of the cerebral cortex • Occipital lobe: part of the cerebral hemisphere that receives and interprets visual information. • Parietal lobe: part of the cerebral cortex that receives sensory information from throughout the body. • Temporal lobe: part of the cerebral hemisphere that helps regulate hearing, balance and equilibrium, and certain emotions and motivations. The four lobes of the cerebral cortex The peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Somatic nervous system: the part of the PNS that carries messages from the senses to the CNS and between the CNS and the skeletal muscles. • Autonomic nervous system: the part of the PNS that carries messages between the CNS and the internal organs. The autonomic nervous system • Sympathetic division: branch of the autonomic nervous system; it prepares the body for quick action in an emergency. • Parasympathetic division: branch of the autonomic nervous system; it calms and relaxes the body. ANS THE END