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The Biological Perspective
Chapter 2
Ciccarelli and Meyer
Overview of the Nervous System
• Neuroscience
• Nervous System (Figure 2.1)
– Central Nervous System
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Plasticity
– Peripheral Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
– Parasympathetic Division
– Sympathetic Division
• Somatic Nervous System
– Three Functions of the Nervous System
Next
Three Functions of the Nervous
System
Return
Structure of the Neuron
Biological Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience
General Cell Structure
Neurons are Specialized Cells
-Definition of Neuron
-Three Types of Neurons
1) Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)
2) Interneurons
3) Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons)
Parts of a Neuron
Parts of a Neuron
Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Neurons in the Body
Neurilemma
Glial Cells
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells (Nodes of Ranvier)
Astrocytes
Microglia
Nerves
Image of a Neuron
Return
Central Nervous System: The Reflex
Arc
Return
Basic Structure of a Cell
RETURN
Generating the Message Within the
Neuron
Ionic Solution
Resting Potential
Action Potential
All or none
Video
Sending the message to other cells:
The Synapse
Axon Terminals
Synaptic Knob
Synaptic Vesicles
Neurotransmitters
Synaptic Gap or Synapse
Receptor Sites
How do Neurotransmitters get across the synapse
Video
Neurotransmitters, Messengers of the
Network
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Neurotransmitters
Agonists/ Antagonists
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
• Neural regulators/ Neural Peptides/ Endorphins
Agonist for GABA
• GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that
results in calming anxiety
• If a person has anxiety and they are given
Diazepam, an agonist for GABA
• What happens to someone who takes
diazepam
Answer
• The person becomes calm and the anxiety is
reduced.
Antagonist for Norephinephrine
• Norepinephrine is an excitatory
neurotransmitter involved in arousal
(wakefulness)
• If a patient has excessive arousal and presents
with difficulty sleeping and they are given an
antagonist for norepinephrine what happens?
Answer
• They are able to sleep
• return
Cleaning up the Synapse: Reuptake
and Enzymes
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Reuptake
Acetylcholine
Enzymatic Degradation
SSRI
The Central Nervous System: The
Central Processing Unit
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Central Nervous System
The Brain
The Spinal Cord
Neuroplasticity
Stem Cells
Figure 2.6- The Spinal Cord Reflex
• Reflex Arc
• RETURN
Superman
Return
Looking Inside the Living Brain
• Lesioning Studies
• Brain Stimulation
– Invasive techniques
– Noninvasive techniques
• Mapping Structure
• Mapping Function
From the Bottom Up: Structures of
the Brain
The Hindbrain
• The Brain Stem
– Medulla
– Pons
• The Reticular Formation
– Raphe Nuceli
• Cerebellum
– Alcohol
– Alcohol 2
Structures under the cortex: Limbic
System
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cingulate Cortex
Cortex
• Lobes
• Association Areas
• Cerebral Hemispheres
4 Lobes of the Cortex
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Occipital Lobes
Parietal Lobes
Temporal Lobes
Frontal Lobes
– Mirror Neurons
Association Areas of the Cortex
• Broca’s Area
• Wernicke’s Area
• Spatial Neglect
Cerebral Hemispheres
• Split Brain Research
Left Hemispheres
Right Hemispheres
Controls the right hand
Controls the left hand
Spoken language
Nonverbal
Written language
Visual-spatial perception
Mathematical calculations
Music and artistic processing
Logical thought processes
Emotional thought and
recognition
Analysis of detail
Processes the whole
Reading
Pattern recognition/facial
recogniiton
• Sex Differences
Applying Psychology to Everyday
Life
• ADHD
• 3 Diagnostic Specifications
– 1) ADHD, predominantly hyperactive
– 2) ADHD, predominantly inattentive
– 3) ADHD, combined type
• Brain Areas involved
– Prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cortical structures,
cerebellum, corpus callosum
• Causes
The Peripheral Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
• Sensory Pathway
• Motor Pathway
Autonomic Nervous System
• Sympathetic Division
• Parasympathetic Division
Distant Connections: The
Endocrine Glands
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Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Pancreas
Gonads
Adrenal
Psychology in the News
• Myths
• Sources
Sex Differences
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Mental Process
Male
Emotional Expression
Right
Visual/Spatial Perception Left
Vocabulary/Definitions
Left
Grammar/Language Mechanics Left
Hand Movements
Left
Return
Female
Both Sides
Both Sides
Both Sides
Left Front
Left Front
Neuronal Transmission