* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chemistry of Psychology - Point Loma High School
State-dependent memory wikipedia , lookup
Adult neurogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Types of artificial neural networks wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Biology of depression wikipedia , lookup
Neural oscillation wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Spike-and-wave wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Chemical synapse wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Pre-Bötzinger complex wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Chemistry of Psychology Different sets of neurons= use different neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters systems A group of neurons that communicate using the same Neurotransmitter Play roles in Emotion- Memory and Alzheimer’s 1921 – Otto Loewi First Identified Neurotransmitters using frogs Neuro-modulators Chemical like neurotransmitters Modify the action of cell’s response to Neurotransmitter (P96) 3 classes of Neurotransmitters 1. small molecules 2. peptides 3. gases Small Molecules Found in both Central and Peripheral Nervous system Acetylcholine used by neurons Parasympathetic Nervous System to slow heartbeat to activate digestion by neurons that make muscles contract In Brain Motor neurons, for movement Limbic system o Hippocampus = memory Alzheimer’s – problems with Cholinergic neurons Other Small Molecules- Neurotransmitters (Catecholamines= fight or flight arousal) Nor-epinephrine Serotonin Dopamine (P96) Nor-epinephrine or Noradrenaline (related to Adrenaline and Epinephrine) Both central and peripheral nervous system Contributes to Arousal Used by Sympathetic Nervous System to activate you-prepare you for action Reticular Formation (has lots of Norepinephrine) Wake and sleep Learning Regulation of mood (P97) Serotonin = similar to epinephrine Occur in Hindbrain Hypothalamus Hippocampus Cerebral cortex Affects sleep + mood, depression Feelings of well being Aggression Impulse Control Suicide victims = low levels of Serotonin Created from tryptophan (found in food) o Carbohydrates tryptophan serotonin Dopamine Important for movement Problem of movement = Parkinson’s o Pesticide exposure correlates with some Parkinson’s disease o 70% incidence o Treated with dopamine therapy Associated with Schizophrenia Also Affects pleasure + Reward Center of Brain o Animals respond well to Dopamine o They work to get Dopamine injections in experiments o Drug addiction associated – cocaine GABA (inhibiting) Amino Acid Neurons use GABA Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Drugs reduce neural activity also amplify inhibiting/Braking power of GABA o Example Alcohol- impairment of thinking, judgment, motor skills Malfunction of GABA = Severe Anxiety (too little GABA) Huntington’s Disease o Jerky movements o Uncontrollable movement of arms and legs o Dementia o Loss of GABA containing Neurons Inhibited dopamine So when GABA neuron’s are damaged causes Too much Dopamine impairs motor neurons Impairs cognitive functions Malfunction of GABA o Related to Epilepsy o Less GABA intense repetitive electrical discharges Glutamate (Excitatory) Excitatory Neurotransmitter (CNS) Used by more neurons than any other Lots in Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus Too much Glutamate = causes neurons to die Plays a role in allowing and supporting synaptic connections allows messages to cross synapse efficiently Important for learning & memory (p98) Peptides= Endorphins Hundreds of chemicals act as Neurotransmitters Discovered in 1970s while investigating opiates Opiates – o relieve pain o Produce feelings of elation o Bring sleep o Bind with receptors o Opiates were not known to be associated with neurotransmitters o Researchers found the body already had substances similar to opiates Endogenous = “Naturally Occurring Morphine” Endorphin o Any neurotransmitter that can bind to the same receptors stimulated by opiates o Especially- neural pathways that modify pain signals