Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D
... minimise artefacts mediated via voltage-activated K + channels at positive potentials, Cs + ions are often used as the major intracellular cation in most patch clamp experiments. Cs + ions have recently been reported to lower the affinity of memantine as a NMDA receptor antagonist in cultured retina ...
... minimise artefacts mediated via voltage-activated K + channels at positive potentials, Cs + ions are often used as the major intracellular cation in most patch clamp experiments. Cs + ions have recently been reported to lower the affinity of memantine as a NMDA receptor antagonist in cultured retina ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... one considers the diverse dose-dependent behavioral data described earlier. Additionally, the authors failed to remark on activity exhibited by the toluene-exposed rats, and so even these basic cues as to the extent of intoxication (and thus, confirmation of actual physiologically significant exposu ...
... one considers the diverse dose-dependent behavioral data described earlier. Additionally, the authors failed to remark on activity exhibited by the toluene-exposed rats, and so even these basic cues as to the extent of intoxication (and thus, confirmation of actual physiologically significant exposu ...
thesis - ETDA
... dystonia, which results in larger cortical representation areas of the affected body parts and that may affect inhibition (Hallett M, 1998). While many theories are currently being discussed in the literature, very few are consistently supported by findings in dystonic patients. This could mean that ...
... dystonia, which results in larger cortical representation areas of the affected body parts and that may affect inhibition (Hallett M, 1998). While many theories are currently being discussed in the literature, very few are consistently supported by findings in dystonic patients. This could mean that ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... Synaptic plasticity is the capacity of a preexisting connection between two neurons to change in strength as function of neuronal activity. Because it admittedly underlies learning and memory, the elucidation of its constituting mechanisms is of crucial importance in many aspects of normal and patho ...
... Synaptic plasticity is the capacity of a preexisting connection between two neurons to change in strength as function of neuronal activity. Because it admittedly underlies learning and memory, the elucidation of its constituting mechanisms is of crucial importance in many aspects of normal and patho ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... actions of nicotine within the VTA might be mediated by glutamatergic transmission. Anatomically, the VTA receives substantial glutamatergic inputs from cortical and subcortical structures25. These excitatory inputs synapse on DA and GABA neurons25,30 (FIG. 2), and can therefore modulate the activit ...
... actions of nicotine within the VTA might be mediated by glutamatergic transmission. Anatomically, the VTA receives substantial glutamatergic inputs from cortical and subcortical structures25. These excitatory inputs synapse on DA and GABA neurons25,30 (FIG. 2), and can therefore modulate the activit ...
ORAL UPF/ TESI DOCT Nicotine addiction phenotypes in a BAC transgenic mouse
... alpha5, alpha3 and beta4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with low and restrictive expression pattern within the central nervous system. Since the majority of these studies address the role of individual subunits, several years ago, we generated a bacterial artificial chro ...
... alpha5, alpha3 and beta4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with low and restrictive expression pattern within the central nervous system. Since the majority of these studies address the role of individual subunits, several years ago, we generated a bacterial artificial chro ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... himself. I hope I can follow his model and also keep this enthusiasm alive for decades. Bert Sakmann’s support before and during my PhD was invaluable and by his supervision I learned how to structure research projects and avoid getting side-tracked on fruitless endeavors. My special thanks go to Al ...
... himself. I hope I can follow his model and also keep this enthusiasm alive for decades. Bert Sakmann’s support before and during my PhD was invaluable and by his supervision I learned how to structure research projects and avoid getting side-tracked on fruitless endeavors. My special thanks go to Al ...
Theta Modulation in the Medial and the Lateral Entorhinal Cortices
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... from the axon hillock. These action potentials then spread in two directions. They can flow in the forward direction down the axons to the synaptic endings. In addition, they can also flow backwards, and these back-propagating action potentials invade the dendritic tree to create global Ca2 + signal ...
... from the axon hillock. These action potentials then spread in two directions. They can flow in the forward direction down the axons to the synaptic endings. In addition, they can also flow backwards, and these back-propagating action potentials invade the dendritic tree to create global Ca2 + signal ...
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the
... The interpretation of the LFP has been hindered because its source is poorly understood. It is widely accepted that strong negative deflections reflect excitatory, spike causing, input to neurons in the neighborhood of the electrode (Arieli et al., 1995). Current source density analyses of LFP can b ...
... The interpretation of the LFP has been hindered because its source is poorly understood. It is widely accepted that strong negative deflections reflect excitatory, spike causing, input to neurons in the neighborhood of the electrode (Arieli et al., 1995). Current source density analyses of LFP can b ...
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral
... motor skills, motivation or arousal. These descriptions of the data are supported statistically. A lesion · contingency (reinforced or nonreinforced cue) · two-session block anova of ORs showed significant main effects of lesion (F1,25 = 6.68, P < 0.002), contingency (F1,25 = 51.13, P < 0.001) and se ...
... motor skills, motivation or arousal. These descriptions of the data are supported statistically. A lesion · contingency (reinforced or nonreinforced cue) · two-session block anova of ORs showed significant main effects of lesion (F1,25 = 6.68, P < 0.002), contingency (F1,25 = 51.13, P < 0.001) and se ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... Abstract Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sl ...
... Abstract Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sl ...
What clinical disorders tell us about the neural
... Fig. 1 (A) Representative record of a 10 horizontal saccade made by a normal subject. In this and subsequent figures, positive values indicate rightward, upward or clockwise eye rotations from the subject’s viewpoint. Position (blue) and velocity (red) records are shown. (B) Simulated 10 horizonta ...
... Fig. 1 (A) Representative record of a 10 horizontal saccade made by a normal subject. In this and subsequent figures, positive values indicate rightward, upward or clockwise eye rotations from the subject’s viewpoint. Position (blue) and velocity (red) records are shown. (B) Simulated 10 horizonta ...
In 1978 Mountcastle hypothesized that the smallest functional unit of
... Most of the experimental literature that has addressed the topographical organization within the primary somatosensory, visual, auditory, and motor cortical areas (and association cortex as well) at high resolution shows that while neighboring neurons exhibit a remarkable uniformity from the standpo ...
... Most of the experimental literature that has addressed the topographical organization within the primary somatosensory, visual, auditory, and motor cortical areas (and association cortex as well) at high resolution shows that while neighboring neurons exhibit a remarkable uniformity from the standpo ...
Gastric Effects of Cholecystokinin and Its Interaction with Leptin on
... neuronal activity were evaluated. The test compounds, CCK and leptin, were dissolved in the vehicle solution. The concentrated solution was applied to the Krebs’ solution in the gastric compartment. The final drug concentration in the gastric compartment was calculated based on the amount of concent ...
... neuronal activity were evaluated. The test compounds, CCK and leptin, were dissolved in the vehicle solution. The concentrated solution was applied to the Krebs’ solution in the gastric compartment. The final drug concentration in the gastric compartment was calculated based on the amount of concent ...
ARTICLE Hierarchy of orofacial rhythms revealed through whisking and breathing
... airway valve muscles13. The drive for rhythmic whisking remains to be identified. However, whisking persists after decortication7,14 and sensory deafferentation7,15,16, which suggests that it too involves a rhythmic generator in the brainstem. Furthermore, the facial motor neurons that drive the mus ...
... airway valve muscles13. The drive for rhythmic whisking remains to be identified. However, whisking persists after decortication7,14 and sensory deafferentation7,15,16, which suggests that it too involves a rhythmic generator in the brainstem. Furthermore, the facial motor neurons that drive the mus ...
![[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003492398_1-2708bc56966b4cab721b0073b5bc49ec-300x300.png)
[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the
... The isolated SNc cells were incubated with 2-5 µM fura-2-AM at room temperature (20-24°C) for 20-35 minutes. After that, the cells were washed with normal physiological salt solution twice. All cells were used within 3 hours of isolation. Single cell fluorescence intensity was measured using an Olym ...
... The isolated SNc cells were incubated with 2-5 µM fura-2-AM at room temperature (20-24°C) for 20-35 minutes. After that, the cells were washed with normal physiological salt solution twice. All cells were used within 3 hours of isolation. Single cell fluorescence intensity was measured using an Olym ...
Cliff - USD Biology
... Is the NAc a Reward Center? ◦ Oversimplification of NAc function? ◦ Exaggerates NAc function? ...
... Is the NAc a Reward Center? ◦ Oversimplification of NAc function? ◦ Exaggerates NAc function? ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... change their characteristics, will retain these over time. This assumption would seem to be an essential complement of the synaptic plasticity concept; without it, spontaneous changes occurring independently of physiologically relevant input would cause spurious changes in network function or undo p ...
... change their characteristics, will retain these over time. This assumption would seem to be an essential complement of the synaptic plasticity concept; without it, spontaneous changes occurring independently of physiologically relevant input would cause spurious changes in network function or undo p ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
... direction. Linear relations to movement amplitude were more common and accounted for more of the trial-to-trial variance in discharge rate than relations to either average velocity or movement duration. The relation to movement amplitude was consistent for two behavioral conditions when the change i ...
... direction. Linear relations to movement amplitude were more common and accounted for more of the trial-to-trial variance in discharge rate than relations to either average velocity or movement duration. The relation to movement amplitude was consistent for two behavioral conditions when the change i ...
A neurotoxic regimen of MDMA suppresses behavioral, thermal and
... (Green et al. 1995; Scheffel et al. 1998). The evidence of MDMA-induced 5-HT toxicity is based on biochemical studies in which there is a reduction in the tissue concentration of 5-HT and its major metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Stone et al. 1986; Schmidt 1987); reduction in the activity of ...
... (Green et al. 1995; Scheffel et al. 1998). The evidence of MDMA-induced 5-HT toxicity is based on biochemical studies in which there is a reduction in the tissue concentration of 5-HT and its major metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Stone et al. 1986; Schmidt 1987); reduction in the activity of ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
Overtraining Does Not Mitigate Contextual Fear Conditioning
... stained with 0.25% thionin to visualize neuronal cell bodies. Lesions were verified by visual inspection of the stained brain sections. Data anal ysis. The data analysis was performed as described in experiment 1. ...
... stained with 0.25% thionin to visualize neuronal cell bodies. Lesions were verified by visual inspection of the stained brain sections. Data anal ysis. The data analysis was performed as described in experiment 1. ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... projections from temporal auditory, visual, and polymodal association cortices. Population analysis and serial EM reconstruction revealed two distinct classes of corticoreticular terminals synapsing with GABA/parvalbumin-positive dendritic shafts of TRN neurons. Most labeled boutons from prefrontal ...
... projections from temporal auditory, visual, and polymodal association cortices. Population analysis and serial EM reconstruction revealed two distinct classes of corticoreticular terminals synapsing with GABA/parvalbumin-positive dendritic shafts of TRN neurons. Most labeled boutons from prefrontal ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... cortical and thalamic excitatory inputs to the characteristic multiphasic responses of cholinergic interneurons in vivo. We first recorded and labeled individual cholinergic interneurons in anesthetized rats. Electron microscopic analyses of these labeled neurons demonstrated that an individual inte ...
... cortical and thalamic excitatory inputs to the characteristic multiphasic responses of cholinergic interneurons in vivo. We first recorded and labeled individual cholinergic interneurons in anesthetized rats. Electron microscopic analyses of these labeled neurons demonstrated that an individual inte ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.