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... these units into circuits that can perform logic operations, we identify the different ways in which operations can be initiated and manipulated by top-down feedback. We demonstrate that more sophisticated and flexible top-down control is possible when the gain of units is modulated by two mechanism ...
... these units into circuits that can perform logic operations, we identify the different ways in which operations can be initiated and manipulated by top-down feedback. We demonstrate that more sophisticated and flexible top-down control is possible when the gain of units is modulated by two mechanism ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... This book is about neurotransmitters, the substances released from neurons to act on neurons. It covers what they do, how they do it and how their activity is involved in brain function and affected by drugs and disease. After an overview of neurotransmitter systems and function and a consideration ...
... This book is about neurotransmitters, the substances released from neurons to act on neurons. It covers what they do, how they do it and how their activity is involved in brain function and affected by drugs and disease. After an overview of neurotransmitter systems and function and a consideration ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... reader to recent reviews where possible. This integration, made possible by the explosion in recent years of basic findings on key nuclei and neuronal circuitry implicated in the control of sleep and on the cellular basis of the different sleep rhythms,1–3 is a very challenging aspect of sleep resea ...
... reader to recent reviews where possible. This integration, made possible by the explosion in recent years of basic findings on key nuclei and neuronal circuitry implicated in the control of sleep and on the cellular basis of the different sleep rhythms,1–3 is a very challenging aspect of sleep resea ...
Distinct Neuropathologic Phenotypes After Disrupting the
... ClC-Kb, ClC-1, ClC-5, and ClC-7 that cause Bartter syndrome, myotonia congenita, Dent disease, and osteopetrosis, respectively (3Y6). ClC-6 and ClC-7 form a distinct branch of the CLC gene family, sharing 45% sequence homology (7). ClC-7 requires a A-subunit, Ostm1 (8); mutations in Ostm1 are respon ...
... ClC-Kb, ClC-1, ClC-5, and ClC-7 that cause Bartter syndrome, myotonia congenita, Dent disease, and osteopetrosis, respectively (3Y6). ClC-6 and ClC-7 form a distinct branch of the CLC gene family, sharing 45% sequence homology (7). ClC-7 requires a A-subunit, Ostm1 (8); mutations in Ostm1 are respon ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Oestradiol Negative and
... increased activity of that network, this increase should be eliminated by blocking action potential firing. If, however, the increase in spontaneous transmission is due to an increase in the number of contacts made by the presynaptic network on the postsynaptic GnRH neurone or a change in release pr ...
... increased activity of that network, this increase should be eliminated by blocking action potential firing. If, however, the increase in spontaneous transmission is due to an increase in the number of contacts made by the presynaptic network on the postsynaptic GnRH neurone or a change in release pr ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... Ogura and Kita, 2000; Cragg et al., 2004; Shen and Johnson, 2005; Kita, 2007; Fan et al., 2012; Wilson, 2013). These and other changes in values were chosen to reproduce key effects qualitatively rather than quantitatively. They amount to a substantial increase of the excitatory–inhibitory interplay ...
... Ogura and Kita, 2000; Cragg et al., 2004; Shen and Johnson, 2005; Kita, 2007; Fan et al., 2012; Wilson, 2013). These and other changes in values were chosen to reproduce key effects qualitatively rather than quantitatively. They amount to a substantial increase of the excitatory–inhibitory interplay ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
Review International Journal of Integrative Biology Reticular
... (RAS), which is involved with sleep/wake cycle. The RAS is relatively sensitive to certain drugs, so the effect of anesthetics depends on suppression of this system. The descending fibers from the RF constitute one of the most important motor pathways in controlling respiratory and cardiac rhythms a ...
... (RAS), which is involved with sleep/wake cycle. The RAS is relatively sensitive to certain drugs, so the effect of anesthetics depends on suppression of this system. The descending fibers from the RF constitute one of the most important motor pathways in controlling respiratory and cardiac rhythms a ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... were included in the analysis. In total, MUA recordings from each rat experiment were obtained for 3 weeks or more. Enzyme and drug administration (rat). Tryptophan side chain oxidase type I (TSOI; 20 units) was diluted in 3 ml of saline and injected intraperitoneally under light diethyl ether anest ...
... were included in the analysis. In total, MUA recordings from each rat experiment were obtained for 3 weeks or more. Enzyme and drug administration (rat). Tryptophan side chain oxidase type I (TSOI; 20 units) was diluted in 3 ml of saline and injected intraperitoneally under light diethyl ether anest ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... and Harris (1986) blocked neural activity in the two eyes by repeated intraocular injections of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel ligand, tetrodotoxin (TTX), during the period in which ocular dominance columns normally develop. In such animals, neural activity was dramatically reduced in LGN and ...
... and Harris (1986) blocked neural activity in the two eyes by repeated intraocular injections of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel ligand, tetrodotoxin (TTX), during the period in which ocular dominance columns normally develop. In such animals, neural activity was dramatically reduced in LGN and ...
Characterization of MeCP2e1 Transgenic Mice
... (20-22). Unlike exon 3 and 4 knockout mice, Mecp2e1 deficient mice showed anxiety levels lower than controls (20). This finding is disconcordant with several other studies, which show negligible differences in anxiety levels (21, 23). However, other mice models of Rett with a truncated form of Mecp2 ...
... (20-22). Unlike exon 3 and 4 knockout mice, Mecp2e1 deficient mice showed anxiety levels lower than controls (20). This finding is disconcordant with several other studies, which show negligible differences in anxiety levels (21, 23). However, other mice models of Rett with a truncated form of Mecp2 ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... of 2% or 5% per hour over 2 h had a biphasic effect on AVP secretion: a short suppression (<60 min) followed by a rebound ...
... of 2% or 5% per hour over 2 h had a biphasic effect on AVP secretion: a short suppression (<60 min) followed by a rebound ...
[ H]GABA and - The University of Sydney
... cerebral cortex (85 ± 9%), the retina (63 ± 2%), or the cerebellum (55 ± 10%; Fig. 2). CACA (100 µM) had no significant effect on the potassium3 stimulated release of [ H]GABA in the spinal cord, cortex, and retina (Table 1). Preincubation of cerebellar and retinal slices with unlabeled βalanine (10 ...
... cerebral cortex (85 ± 9%), the retina (63 ± 2%), or the cerebellum (55 ± 10%; Fig. 2). CACA (100 µM) had no significant effect on the potassium3 stimulated release of [ H]GABA in the spinal cord, cortex, and retina (Table 1). Preincubation of cerebellar and retinal slices with unlabeled βalanine (10 ...
Increased Anxiety 3 Months after Brief Exposure to MDMA
... decreases in cortical, striatal, thalamic, and hypothalamic 5HT2A/2C receptor density, while low-dose MDMA tended to produce similar effects but only significantly in the piriform cortex. These data suggest that even brief, relatively low-dose MDMA exposure can produce significant, long-term changes ...
... decreases in cortical, striatal, thalamic, and hypothalamic 5HT2A/2C receptor density, while low-dose MDMA tended to produce similar effects but only significantly in the piriform cortex. These data suggest that even brief, relatively low-dose MDMA exposure can produce significant, long-term changes ...
- Northumbria Research Link
... Recorded using a configuration of multiple electrodes placed over the scalp, the EEG is typically described in terms of rhythmic activity which can be divided into ‘bands’ based on the frequency of the signal. The exquisite sensitivity of EEG to changes in mental activity was first recognised in 192 ...
... Recorded using a configuration of multiple electrodes placed over the scalp, the EEG is typically described in terms of rhythmic activity which can be divided into ‘bands’ based on the frequency of the signal. The exquisite sensitivity of EEG to changes in mental activity was first recognised in 192 ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... Voltage-Gated Sodium and Potassium Conductances Are Calculated From Their Currents The Na+ and K+ currents depend on two factors: the conductance for each ion and the electrochemical driving force acting on the ion. Since the Na+ and K+ membrane conductance is directly proportional to the number of ...
... Voltage-Gated Sodium and Potassium Conductances Are Calculated From Their Currents The Na+ and K+ currents depend on two factors: the conductance for each ion and the electrochemical driving force acting on the ion. Since the Na+ and K+ membrane conductance is directly proportional to the number of ...
Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat.
... proceed under deep pentobarbital anesthesia. CTAs have been well documented [7,19,22,24,57,126] in terms of their behavioral mechanisms and phenomenological aspects since the pioneering studies by Garcia and ...
... proceed under deep pentobarbital anesthesia. CTAs have been well documented [7,19,22,24,57,126] in terms of their behavioral mechanisms and phenomenological aspects since the pioneering studies by Garcia and ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
Increased Mesolimbic GABA Concentration Blocks Heroin Self
... (SA) (Smith et al., 1985), systemic or intra-accumbal administration of DA antagonists does not alter i.v. heroin SA (Ettenberg et al., 1982). Destruction of NAcc presynaptic DA terminals selectively attenuates cocaine, but not heroin, SA (Pettit et al., 1984). Opiates, when systemically self-admini ...
... (SA) (Smith et al., 1985), systemic or intra-accumbal administration of DA antagonists does not alter i.v. heroin SA (Ettenberg et al., 1982). Destruction of NAcc presynaptic DA terminals selectively attenuates cocaine, but not heroin, SA (Pettit et al., 1984). Opiates, when systemically self-admini ...
Glycine Binding Sites of Presynaptic NMDA Receptors May
... treated, 0.98 ⫾ 0.3, P ⬍ 0.001, n ⫽ 9) but not the peak amplitude (control, 40.3 ⫾ 3.6 pA vs. treated, 39.4 ⫾ 3.5 pA, P ⬎ 0.21, n ⫽ 9) of the mEPSCs. These results verified that D-serine has the same effect as glycine. Glycine or D-serine reverses the inhibitory effects of 7-Cl KYNA on the frequency ...
... treated, 0.98 ⫾ 0.3, P ⬍ 0.001, n ⫽ 9) but not the peak amplitude (control, 40.3 ⫾ 3.6 pA vs. treated, 39.4 ⫾ 3.5 pA, P ⬎ 0.21, n ⫽ 9) of the mEPSCs. These results verified that D-serine has the same effect as glycine. Glycine or D-serine reverses the inhibitory effects of 7-Cl KYNA on the frequency ...
Disentanglement of local field potential sources by independent
... Abstract The spontaneous activity of working neurons yields synaptic currents that mix up in the volume conductor. This activity is picked up by intracerebral recording electrodes as local field potentials (LFPs), but their separation into original informative sources is an unresolved problem. Assum ...
... Abstract The spontaneous activity of working neurons yields synaptic currents that mix up in the volume conductor. This activity is picked up by intracerebral recording electrodes as local field potentials (LFPs), but their separation into original informative sources is an unresolved problem. Assum ...
Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia
... orexin A levels in this area (6, 37). Whereas these findings suggest an inhibitory influence of leptin on the orexins, other studies show that orexin gene expression is downregulated in ob/ob mice and fa/fa rats, both of which have disturbed leptin signaling (7, 20, 51, 62). There are few studies th ...
... orexin A levels in this area (6, 37). Whereas these findings suggest an inhibitory influence of leptin on the orexins, other studies show that orexin gene expression is downregulated in ob/ob mice and fa/fa rats, both of which have disturbed leptin signaling (7, 20, 51, 62). There are few studies th ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.