Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo to each of the responses. The four columns of units in the striatum represent, from left to right, Go-R1, Go-R2, NoGoR1 and NoGo-R2. In the absence of synaptic input, GPi and GPe units are tonically active. Go and NoGo representations for e ...
... facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo to each of the responses. The four columns of units in the striatum represent, from left to right, Go-R1, Go-R2, NoGoR1 and NoGo-R2. In the absence of synaptic input, GPi and GPe units are tonically active. Go and NoGo representations for e ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... of high θ-, and γ-waves and strengthened the phase-amplitude coupling between these frequencies. The 24-hour rhythms of production and release of histamine and its metabolite, 1-methylhistamine were detected, whereas activities of the enzymes had no detectable diurnal rhythm. In addition, histamine ...
... of high θ-, and γ-waves and strengthened the phase-amplitude coupling between these frequencies. The 24-hour rhythms of production and release of histamine and its metabolite, 1-methylhistamine were detected, whereas activities of the enzymes had no detectable diurnal rhythm. In addition, histamine ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
Receptores Monoaminérgicos en Corteza Prefrontal: Mecanismo de Acción de Fármacos Antipsicóticos
... antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) on PFC function to understand the cellular and network elements involved in its schizomimeitc actions. PCP induces a marked disruption of the activity of the PFC in the rat, increasing and decreasing the activity of 45% and 33% of the pyramidal neurons recorded, respec ...
... antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) on PFC function to understand the cellular and network elements involved in its schizomimeitc actions. PCP induces a marked disruption of the activity of the PFC in the rat, increasing and decreasing the activity of 45% and 33% of the pyramidal neurons recorded, respec ...
In LHRH neurons
... L-type Ca2+ channels have been found in GT-1 cells as well as monkey LHRH cells. This is a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel. Characterized by nifedipine blockade, but not ...
... L-type Ca2+ channels have been found in GT-1 cells as well as monkey LHRH cells. This is a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel. Characterized by nifedipine blockade, but not ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... interval (ISI) distribution histograms. Neurons were included in the analysis if they maintained stable spike isolation throughout a recording session and their distribution histograms showed an absence of ISIs ⬍2 ms (the refractory period). In this study, we focused on baseline activity during the ...
... interval (ISI) distribution histograms. Neurons were included in the analysis if they maintained stable spike isolation throughout a recording session and their distribution histograms showed an absence of ISIs ⬍2 ms (the refractory period). In this study, we focused on baseline activity during the ...
Article
... networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs produce rhythmic motor patterns in the absence of sensory feedback [1–3], and are found in many species including insects and mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural ...
... networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs produce rhythmic motor patterns in the absence of sensory feedback [1–3], and are found in many species including insects and mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural ...
Effective connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus
... inactive component (Fig. 1). Note that STN neurons preferentially fire during the active component of the slow oscillation (Magill et al. 2001; Walters et al. 2007; Mallet et al. 2008a). Neurons of the same type tend to fire together, with small phase differences, whereas different types of neuron t ...
... inactive component (Fig. 1). Note that STN neurons preferentially fire during the active component of the slow oscillation (Magill et al. 2001; Walters et al. 2007; Mallet et al. 2008a). Neurons of the same type tend to fire together, with small phase differences, whereas different types of neuron t ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... TMS is noninvasive and extensive studies have Targeted brain region shown it to be safe, so its been approved for use in humans by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is the drug and medical appliance safety watchdog. TMS can be precisely aimed at specific brain regions and ...
... TMS is noninvasive and extensive studies have Targeted brain region shown it to be safe, so its been approved for use in humans by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is the drug and medical appliance safety watchdog. TMS can be precisely aimed at specific brain regions and ...
PROGRAMME and ABSTRACTS
... Organizer and Chair: Boguslawa Budziszewska, Wladyslaw Lason (Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Kraków, Poland) Peter Gass (Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany) Mice with altered glucocorticoid receptor expression as a model for depression Ewa Obuchowicz (Medical University of Silesia ...
... Organizer and Chair: Boguslawa Budziszewska, Wladyslaw Lason (Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Kraków, Poland) Peter Gass (Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany) Mice with altered glucocorticoid receptor expression as a model for depression Ewa Obuchowicz (Medical University of Silesia ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... The dendritic spread of these neurons is visible over about 200 pn, a figure commensurate with the cross-sectional width of the labeled patches. HRP-positive neurons occur both in the center and near the edges of a labeled zone, with some bias toward the center. In radially cut sections, axon fibers ...
... The dendritic spread of these neurons is visible over about 200 pn, a figure commensurate with the cross-sectional width of the labeled patches. HRP-positive neurons occur both in the center and near the edges of a labeled zone, with some bias toward the center. In radially cut sections, axon fibers ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in the article by Meyer et al. (21) and SI Materials and Methods]. Fig. 2 A and B shows the neuron and IN markers from one of the slices (9,911 neuron somata in Fig. 2A and 1,334 IN somata in Fig. 2B ...
... neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in the article by Meyer et al. (21) and SI Materials and Methods]. Fig. 2 A and B shows the neuron and IN markers from one of the slices (9,911 neuron somata in Fig. 2A and 1,334 IN somata in Fig. 2B ...
(Nurr1, Nur77 and Nor-1) by Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics in
... compared to typical drugs. In fact, a high 5-HT2A/D2 affinity ratio can be used to predict an atypical profile for most antipsychotic drugs (Meltzer, 1999; Roth et al., 2003). Contribution of other dopamine and serotonin receptor subtypes (e.g. D3, D4 or 5-HT1A receptors) remains a matter of debate. ...
... compared to typical drugs. In fact, a high 5-HT2A/D2 affinity ratio can be used to predict an atypical profile for most antipsychotic drugs (Meltzer, 1999; Roth et al., 2003). Contribution of other dopamine and serotonin receptor subtypes (e.g. D3, D4 or 5-HT1A receptors) remains a matter of debate. ...
Perception Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to
... the NMDARs. Using nucleated patches of neocortical pyramidal neurons, Kampa et al. (50) measured the rate of depolarization-induced Mg2" unblock of NMDARs at different times after a brief pulse of glutamate application. They found that Mg2" unblock consists of a fast and a slow component, whose rela ...
... the NMDARs. Using nucleated patches of neocortical pyramidal neurons, Kampa et al. (50) measured the rate of depolarization-induced Mg2" unblock of NMDARs at different times after a brief pulse of glutamate application. They found that Mg2" unblock consists of a fast and a slow component, whose rela ...
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to Perception
... individual pyramidal neurons with enhanced processing capacity (44, 94), the computational power can only be harvested if the inputs carrying different signals are segregated into distinct regions (8, 72). In fact, the importance of domain-specific inputs has been well recognized for inhibitory inte ...
... individual pyramidal neurons with enhanced processing capacity (44, 94), the computational power can only be harvested if the inputs carrying different signals are segregated into distinct regions (8, 72). In fact, the importance of domain-specific inputs has been well recognized for inhibitory inte ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... respectively ( p ⬍ 0.05), indicating that overexpression of the mutant subunit produced a 40% reduction in Gmax. In mature ⫹Mutant and Control neurons, Gmax values were 13.7 ⫾ 1.0 and 21.5 ⫾ 1.5 pS/m 2 ( p ⬍ 0.0002), indicating that overexpression of the mutant subunit reduced Gmax to the same exte ...
... respectively ( p ⬍ 0.05), indicating that overexpression of the mutant subunit produced a 40% reduction in Gmax. In mature ⫹Mutant and Control neurons, Gmax values were 13.7 ⫾ 1.0 and 21.5 ⫾ 1.5 pS/m 2 ( p ⬍ 0.0002), indicating that overexpression of the mutant subunit reduced Gmax to the same exte ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was the first receptor to be extensively studied, after its identification in the early twentieth century as the receptive substance that mediated the actions of synthetic nicotine (Langley, 1905). A series of classic studies then characterized the struct ...
... The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was the first receptor to be extensively studied, after its identification in the early twentieth century as the receptive substance that mediated the actions of synthetic nicotine (Langley, 1905). A series of classic studies then characterized the struct ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... from 50 to 270 ms, with median 110 ms. In area 7a, although the and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, how ...
... from 50 to 270 ms, with median 110 ms. In area 7a, although the and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, how ...
A forward genetic screen with a thalamocortical emx2
... the axonal tau microtubule binding protein to betagalactosidase to localize it to axons [33]. The golli promoter is a portion of the myelin basic protein promoter that was shown to promote expression in deep cortical layer neurons [34]. Surprisingly, in this line, the tau-lacZ was expressed not in t ...
... the axonal tau microtubule binding protein to betagalactosidase to localize it to axons [33]. The golli promoter is a portion of the myelin basic protein promoter that was shown to promote expression in deep cortical layer neurons [34]. Surprisingly, in this line, the tau-lacZ was expressed not in t ...
(Nurr1, Nur77, and Nor-1) by Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics i
... areas, compared with CA3 and DG of the hippocampus (Table 1; Figs. 2D and 5D). In contrast to Nur77, antipsychotic drugs did not alter the expression of Nor-1 in the CA1 region. Only risperidone (3 mg/kg) and clozapine increased Nor-1 levels in CA3 (Fig. 4). The effects of typical antipsychotic drug ...
... areas, compared with CA3 and DG of the hippocampus (Table 1; Figs. 2D and 5D). In contrast to Nur77, antipsychotic drugs did not alter the expression of Nor-1 in the CA1 region. Only risperidone (3 mg/kg) and clozapine increased Nor-1 levels in CA3 (Fig. 4). The effects of typical antipsychotic drug ...
Insect Bio-inspired Neural Network Provides New Evidence on How
... of honeybees. These models, using just four large-field visual input neurons from each eye that sparsely connect to a single layer of interneurons within the bee brain learning centres, are able to discriminate complex achromatic patterns without the need for an internal image representation. One mo ...
... of honeybees. These models, using just four large-field visual input neurons from each eye that sparsely connect to a single layer of interneurons within the bee brain learning centres, are able to discriminate complex achromatic patterns without the need for an internal image representation. One mo ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... Voltage-Gated Sodium and Potassium Conductances Are Calculated From Their Currents The Na+ and K+ currents depend on two factors: the conductance for each ion and the electrochemical driving force acting on the ion. Since the Na+ and K+ membrane conductance is directly proportional to the number of ...
... Voltage-Gated Sodium and Potassium Conductances Are Calculated From Their Currents The Na+ and K+ currents depend on two factors: the conductance for each ion and the electrochemical driving force acting on the ion. Since the Na+ and K+ membrane conductance is directly proportional to the number of ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... STN neurons that in part supports recurrent membrane oscillations, leading to rhythmic burst firing of STN neurons. Others have observed plateau potentials evoked by current injections (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be trigger ...
... STN neurons that in part supports recurrent membrane oscillations, leading to rhythmic burst firing of STN neurons. Others have observed plateau potentials evoked by current injections (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be trigger ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... through long range axon collaterals of pyramidal cells. However, the functional properties of these intrinsic synaptic connections, especially their relationship with the cortical representations of body movements, have not been systematically investigated. To address this issue, we used multielectr ...
... through long range axon collaterals of pyramidal cells. However, the functional properties of these intrinsic synaptic connections, especially their relationship with the cortical representations of body movements, have not been systematically investigated. To address this issue, we used multielectr ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... synchronization of the driven circuit with chaotic future states of the driving circuit is insensitive to signal and system perturbations. [13, 14]. Moreover, a transition from AS to DS through zero-lag synchronization with excitatory and inhibitory couplings, as a function of the coupling delay, wa ...
... synchronization of the driven circuit with chaotic future states of the driving circuit is insensitive to signal and system perturbations. [13, 14]. Moreover, a transition from AS to DS through zero-lag synchronization with excitatory and inhibitory couplings, as a function of the coupling delay, wa ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.