NEOCORTEX
... In all mammals, the neocortex consists of a sheet of cells, about 2 mm thick. Conventionally it is divided into six layers, but in many regions more than six laminae are in evidence (Fig. 12.2). Each cubic millimeter of cortex contains approximately 50,000 neurons. The study of the laminar organizat ...
... In all mammals, the neocortex consists of a sheet of cells, about 2 mm thick. Conventionally it is divided into six layers, but in many regions more than six laminae are in evidence (Fig. 12.2). Each cubic millimeter of cortex contains approximately 50,000 neurons. The study of the laminar organizat ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... et al. 1996; Stephenson et al. 2009). Those studies refer to a quiet environment and without sound stimulation, which was not the case here. Indeed, sound has been used before in protocols of sleep deprivation (Franken et al. 1995). In addition, we carried out analysis on the local field potential re ...
... et al. 1996; Stephenson et al. 2009). Those studies refer to a quiet environment and without sound stimulation, which was not the case here. Indeed, sound has been used before in protocols of sleep deprivation (Franken et al. 1995). In addition, we carried out analysis on the local field potential re ...
Search Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School The
... astrocytic cytoplasm is known to facilitate calcium wave activation (23). Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3), which is important in the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores (24), has also been hypothesized to move through gap junctions and play a role in intracellular calcium wave activation a ...
... astrocytic cytoplasm is known to facilitate calcium wave activation (23). Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3), which is important in the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores (24), has also been hypothesized to move through gap junctions and play a role in intracellular calcium wave activation a ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... inhibition from FS neurons prevents activity in L4 excitatory neurons. Brief and strong touch- ...
... inhibition from FS neurons prevents activity in L4 excitatory neurons. Brief and strong touch- ...
Corina Wirth and Hans
... specific L5/6-L4-L5/6 loop. In the upper-most layer, excitation is longer lasting probably due to the excitatory action of GABAergic input to the distal dendritic region of pyramidal cells (Gulledge and Stuart 2003). The excitatory action in the distal dendrite could lower the threshold for backprop ...
... specific L5/6-L4-L5/6 loop. In the upper-most layer, excitation is longer lasting probably due to the excitatory action of GABAergic input to the distal dendritic region of pyramidal cells (Gulledge and Stuart 2003). The excitatory action in the distal dendrite could lower the threshold for backprop ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, b ...
... in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, b ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... a concentrationdependent reduction in glutamate-induced neuronal injury in a fashion similar to that seen with NMDA, but less effectively. In addition, despite this overall protective effect, zinc paradoxically increased the glutamate-induced destruction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphat ...
... a concentrationdependent reduction in glutamate-induced neuronal injury in a fashion similar to that seen with NMDA, but less effectively. In addition, despite this overall protective effect, zinc paradoxically increased the glutamate-induced destruction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphat ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... developing neuronal network, about one in 500 neurons was labeled with DiI at the time of establishing the cultures. This method yielded brightly stained single neurons against a negligible background of unstained neurons, which could easily be recorded by confocal microscopy and analyzed. Using dep ...
... developing neuronal network, about one in 500 neurons was labeled with DiI at the time of establishing the cultures. This method yielded brightly stained single neurons against a negligible background of unstained neurons, which could easily be recorded by confocal microscopy and analyzed. Using dep ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... in response to natural stimuli and fits well with a recently observed interaction of excitatory and inhibitory receptive field plasticity. The introduction of inhibitory plasticity in suitable recurrent networks provides a homeostatic mechanism that leads to asynchronous irregular network states. Fu ...
... in response to natural stimuli and fits well with a recently observed interaction of excitatory and inhibitory receptive field plasticity. The introduction of inhibitory plasticity in suitable recurrent networks provides a homeostatic mechanism that leads to asynchronous irregular network states. Fu ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... of the stimulus (;2–3 msec) (Fig. 3 A, C) and the latency was constant over a range of stimulus intensities. The amplitude of the evoked EPSC s were voltage-dependent (Fig. 3A), and in the neuron shown in Figure 3B, reversed polarity at approximately 25 mV. Overall, evoked EPSC s exhibited a mean re ...
... of the stimulus (;2–3 msec) (Fig. 3 A, C) and the latency was constant over a range of stimulus intensities. The amplitude of the evoked EPSC s were voltage-dependent (Fig. 3A), and in the neuron shown in Figure 3B, reversed polarity at approximately 25 mV. Overall, evoked EPSC s exhibited a mean re ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... Control of the timing of the inspiratory/expiratory (IE) phase transition is a hallmark of respiratory pattern formation. In principle, sensory feedback from pulmonary stretch receptors (Breuer– Hering reflex, BHR) is seen as the major controller for the IE phase transition, while pontine-based cont ...
... Control of the timing of the inspiratory/expiratory (IE) phase transition is a hallmark of respiratory pattern formation. In principle, sensory feedback from pulmonary stretch receptors (Breuer– Hering reflex, BHR) is seen as the major controller for the IE phase transition, while pontine-based cont ...
Self-Organizing Feature Maps with Lateral Connections: Modeling
... The neocortex is the largest part of the mammalian brain, and appears to be the least genetically determined. Much of its structure and connectivity depends on electrical activity during development. Because various neocortical areas are very similar in anatomical structure and exhibit similar devel ...
... The neocortex is the largest part of the mammalian brain, and appears to be the least genetically determined. Much of its structure and connectivity depends on electrical activity during development. Because various neocortical areas are very similar in anatomical structure and exhibit similar devel ...
A review of alpha activity in integrative brain function: Fundamental
... that the neuron doctrine, conceived nearly a century ago by Ramon y Cajal, cannot encompass important aspects of information processing in the brain. Intercellular communication by gap junctions, slow electrical potentials, and action potentials initiated in dendrites, neuromodulatory effects, extra ...
... that the neuron doctrine, conceived nearly a century ago by Ramon y Cajal, cannot encompass important aspects of information processing in the brain. Intercellular communication by gap junctions, slow electrical potentials, and action potentials initiated in dendrites, neuromodulatory effects, extra ...
ACTION POTENTIAL THRESHOLD OF HIPPOCAMPAL
... 7 summarizes the results from the nine cells when trailing hyperpolarizations were applied. The trailing hyperpolarizations decreased or reversed the mean slope of the relationship between the threshold and log ISI, 30.30 þ 0.03 and 0.28 þ 0.13 ( þ S.E.M.; P 6 0.002; paired t-test) for control and h ...
... 7 summarizes the results from the nine cells when trailing hyperpolarizations were applied. The trailing hyperpolarizations decreased or reversed the mean slope of the relationship between the threshold and log ISI, 30.30 þ 0.03 and 0.28 þ 0.13 ( þ S.E.M.; P 6 0.002; paired t-test) for control and h ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... icits in both area and projection density of BF cells to the cortex. It is clear that NGF plays a role in maintaining the BF cholinergic projections to the cortex. Two key findings have also suggested the possibility that NGF can also induce immediate release of ACh. Knipper and collaborators obtain ...
... icits in both area and projection density of BF cells to the cortex. It is clear that NGF plays a role in maintaining the BF cholinergic projections to the cortex. Two key findings have also suggested the possibility that NGF can also induce immediate release of ACh. Knipper and collaborators obtain ...
Overview - Sinauer Associates
... 100 different neurotransmitters, which can be classified into two broad categories: small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (see Chapter 6). Having more than one transmitter diversifies the physiological repertoire of synapses. Multiple neurotransmitters can produce different types of res ...
... 100 different neurotransmitters, which can be classified into two broad categories: small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (see Chapter 6). Having more than one transmitter diversifies the physiological repertoire of synapses. Multiple neurotransmitters can produce different types of res ...
Impact of correlated inputs to neurons
... al. 2010). We will argue that this small depolarization is much smaller than predicted by the commonly used Poisson model. We reconstructed the situation in a more general model comprising two single neurons, based on observations made in in vivo intracellular recordings from somatosensory cortex (O ...
... al. 2010). We will argue that this small depolarization is much smaller than predicted by the commonly used Poisson model. We reconstructed the situation in a more general model comprising two single neurons, based on observations made in in vivo intracellular recordings from somatosensory cortex (O ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... ways: initially, during the experiments, by physiological evidence and later, after euthanasia, by histological methods. During the experiments, we relied on the characteristic progression of RF locations as each electrode was advanced through area 1 into area 3b (Merzenich et al., 1978; Sur et al., ...
... ways: initially, during the experiments, by physiological evidence and later, after euthanasia, by histological methods. During the experiments, we relied on the characteristic progression of RF locations as each electrode was advanced through area 1 into area 3b (Merzenich et al., 1978; Sur et al., ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... activity prevents the formation of eye-specific layers, and blockade of activity of one eye shrinks the layer formed by the eye while the layer formed by the other active eye expands. Most importantly, in a more recent set of experiments, Stellwagen and Shatz increased the frequency of retinal waves ...
... activity prevents the formation of eye-specific layers, and blockade of activity of one eye shrinks the layer formed by the eye while the layer formed by the other active eye expands. Most importantly, in a more recent set of experiments, Stellwagen and Shatz increased the frequency of retinal waves ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... Initiation and backpropagation of action potentials Simultaneous whole-cell current-clamp recordings were made from the soma and dendrites of TC neurons. Electrical stimulation of the sensory input (optic tract) (n ⫽ 6) or cortical backprojection (n ⫽ 8) evoked EPSPs that led to the generation of ei ...
... Initiation and backpropagation of action potentials Simultaneous whole-cell current-clamp recordings were made from the soma and dendrites of TC neurons. Electrical stimulation of the sensory input (optic tract) (n ⫽ 6) or cortical backprojection (n ⫽ 8) evoked EPSPs that led to the generation of ei ...
M100,907, a selective 5-HT antagonist, attenuates dopamine
... administration of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, a potent 5-HT 2 antagonist [20], increases extracellular DA concentrations in vivo when administered either systemically or directly into the mPFC [15,21,28]. In addition, systemic administration of amperozide, a 5-HT 2A antagonist [33,37] ...
... administration of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, a potent 5-HT 2 antagonist [20], increases extracellular DA concentrations in vivo when administered either systemically or directly into the mPFC [15,21,28]. In addition, systemic administration of amperozide, a 5-HT 2A antagonist [33,37] ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... NTS neurons (from 2.1 ± 0.2, n = 11, to 3.3 ± 0.3, n = 8; p < 0.05; Figure S3), indicating that ambient glycine modulates NMDARs in the NTS. These findings, confirming the high specificity of the two employed flavoproteins (see Experimental Procedures) under the experimental conditions used, show th ...
... NTS neurons (from 2.1 ± 0.2, n = 11, to 3.3 ± 0.3, n = 8; p < 0.05; Figure S3), indicating that ambient glycine modulates NMDARs in the NTS. These findings, confirming the high specificity of the two employed flavoproteins (see Experimental Procedures) under the experimental conditions used, show th ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... KCNQ channel subunits are widely expressed in peripheral and central neurons, where they give rise to a muscarinic-sensitive, subthreshold, and noninactivating K ⫹ current (M-current). It is generally agreed that activation of KCNQ/M channels contributes to spike frequency adaptation during sustaine ...
... KCNQ channel subunits are widely expressed in peripheral and central neurons, where they give rise to a muscarinic-sensitive, subthreshold, and noninactivating K ⫹ current (M-current). It is generally agreed that activation of KCNQ/M channels contributes to spike frequency adaptation during sustaine ...
Activity in the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Reflects Multiple Steps of
... monkeys that performed a path-planning task that required multiple stepwise movements of a cursor within a maze to reach a goal. Figures 1A and 1C show the sequence and timing of events for each trial in our behavioral task. As the monkeys placed their wrists in neutral positions, a start display ap ...
... monkeys that performed a path-planning task that required multiple stepwise movements of a cursor within a maze to reach a goal. Figures 1A and 1C show the sequence and timing of events for each trial in our behavioral task. As the monkeys placed their wrists in neutral positions, a start display ap ...
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... not have definitive treatments, and with a continuing addition of freshly diagnosed cases being added to a pool of pre-existing ones, the issue is destined to become graver with time. A lack of treatment for mental disorders could be attributed to a major extent to a lack of definitive knowledge reg ...
... not have definitive treatments, and with a continuing addition of freshly diagnosed cases being added to a pool of pre-existing ones, the issue is destined to become graver with time. A lack of treatment for mental disorders could be attributed to a major extent to a lack of definitive knowledge reg ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.