Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... the underlying tissue was covered with mineral oil. The right C5 cervical phrenic nerve rootlet was isolated via a dorsal approach and cut. The central end of the nerve was mounted on a bipolar recording electrode and then covered with petroleum jelly to prevent drying. Raw signals of the PN were fi ...
... the underlying tissue was covered with mineral oil. The right C5 cervical phrenic nerve rootlet was isolated via a dorsal approach and cut. The central end of the nerve was mounted on a bipolar recording electrode and then covered with petroleum jelly to prevent drying. Raw signals of the PN were fi ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower medulla. The core circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping insp ...
... Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower medulla. The core circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping insp ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... mice can hear and vocalize up to 100 kHz, yet the highest frequency cortical BF recorded in our entire sample was 34.3 kHz. Our recordings were performed at 4 –7 weeks of age, several months before the onset of high-frequency hearing loss in C57BL/6 mice (Willott, 1986). In fact, the paucity of BFs ...
... mice can hear and vocalize up to 100 kHz, yet the highest frequency cortical BF recorded in our entire sample was 34.3 kHz. Our recordings were performed at 4 –7 weeks of age, several months before the onset of high-frequency hearing loss in C57BL/6 mice (Willott, 1986). In fact, the paucity of BFs ...
The Thalamus
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
Thalamocortidal Axons Extend Along a Chondroitin Sulfate
... et al., 1977), also termed the primordial plexiform zone (MarinPadilla, 197 l), just beneath the pia. The preplate is divided into the marginal zone above and the subplate below by the insertion of cortical plate neurons that will form layers II-VI of the mature cortex (Marin-Padilla, 197 1; Raedler ...
... et al., 1977), also termed the primordial plexiform zone (MarinPadilla, 197 l), just beneath the pia. The preplate is divided into the marginal zone above and the subplate below by the insertion of cortical plate neurons that will form layers II-VI of the mature cortex (Marin-Padilla, 197 1; Raedler ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... tone in the other three sessions. The background firing rates of 21 of the 22 cells were less than 7 spikes/s, averaging 2.5/s (SE = 0.56). One cell was unique in that its background activity was very high (26 sp/s), and it was the only cell to exhibit a sustained excitatory response to acoustic sti ...
... tone in the other three sessions. The background firing rates of 21 of the 22 cells were less than 7 spikes/s, averaging 2.5/s (SE = 0.56). One cell was unique in that its background activity was very high (26 sp/s), and it was the only cell to exhibit a sustained excitatory response to acoustic sti ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... Many of the individual processes playing a role have already been identified. These include cerebral energy consumption and metabolism, neuronal membrane voltage dynamics and action potential generation, synaptic functioning, changes in extra- and intracellular concentrations (ions, molecular messen ...
... Many of the individual processes playing a role have already been identified. These include cerebral energy consumption and metabolism, neuronal membrane voltage dynamics and action potential generation, synaptic functioning, changes in extra- and intracellular concentrations (ions, molecular messen ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of epilepsy
... neurogenesis, neurite growth, and reorganization of extracellular matrix leading to changes in neuronal networks. Many of these features are normally regulated by neurotrophic growth factors, especially brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, BDNF modifies both excitatory and inhibitory ...
... neurogenesis, neurite growth, and reorganization of extracellular matrix leading to changes in neuronal networks. Many of these features are normally regulated by neurotrophic growth factors, especially brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, BDNF modifies both excitatory and inhibitory ...
Electrical Synapses in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... Neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) provide inhibitory input to thalamic relay cells and generate synchronized activity during sleep and seizures. It is widely assumed that TRN cells interact only via chemical synaptic connections. However, we show that many neighboring pairs of TRN neur ...
... Neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) provide inhibitory input to thalamic relay cells and generate synchronized activity during sleep and seizures. It is widely assumed that TRN cells interact only via chemical synaptic connections. However, we show that many neighboring pairs of TRN neur ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... the contribution. Indeed, there have been very few studies that have examined the activity of neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) during discrete voluntary movements (Gibson et al. 1998; although, for information in primates on the contribution of the mesencephalic reticular for ...
... the contribution. Indeed, there have been very few studies that have examined the activity of neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) during discrete voluntary movements (Gibson et al. 1998; although, for information in primates on the contribution of the mesencephalic reticular for ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
... blocked due to their role in the repolarization of the action potential, they can be assumed to interfere not signi®cantly with the measurement of sodium currents as the peak of the sodium currents appeared before the potassium currents developed (arrow in Fig. 1A). The sodium current had a mean amp ...
... blocked due to their role in the repolarization of the action potential, they can be assumed to interfere not signi®cantly with the measurement of sodium currents as the peak of the sodium currents appeared before the potassium currents developed (arrow in Fig. 1A). The sodium current had a mean amp ...
the premotor cortex of the monkey
... at 60 PA in 25 of the 26 tested penetrations in this part of the cortex. There was a transition zone extending from 3.5 to 5.0 mm caudal to the arcuate genu in which both positive (3) and negative (7) sites were found. In a yet more caudal region, greater than 5 mm caudal to the arcuate genu, 26 of ...
... at 60 PA in 25 of the 26 tested penetrations in this part of the cortex. There was a transition zone extending from 3.5 to 5.0 mm caudal to the arcuate genu in which both positive (3) and negative (7) sites were found. In a yet more caudal region, greater than 5 mm caudal to the arcuate genu, 26 of ...
Learning Innate Face Preferences
... et al., 1997). Moreover, some neurons in the adult superior colliculus/pulvinar pathway appear to be selective for faces (Morris et al., 1999), although such neurons have not yet been found in young animals. The model also helps explain why infants after one month of age show a reduced interest in f ...
... et al., 1997). Moreover, some neurons in the adult superior colliculus/pulvinar pathway appear to be selective for faces (Morris et al., 1999), although such neurons have not yet been found in young animals. The model also helps explain why infants after one month of age show a reduced interest in f ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... Isa, and Hiroshi Aizawa. Contribution of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons to performance of visually guided saccade tasks in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 88: 715–731, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00484.2001. The cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) is one of the major ascending arousal sys ...
... Isa, and Hiroshi Aizawa. Contribution of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons to performance of visually guided saccade tasks in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 88: 715–731, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00484.2001. The cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) is one of the major ascending arousal sys ...
100 The Molecular and Structural Basis of Amblyopia
... Bear, 2003). Although it is now appreciated that there are many mechanisms for LTD in different brain regions, some of these are well conserved (Malenka & Bear, 2004). The study of LTD in hippocampus and visual cortex has led to a detailed understanding of how activity triggers a loss of synaptic st ...
... Bear, 2003). Although it is now appreciated that there are many mechanisms for LTD in different brain regions, some of these are well conserved (Malenka & Bear, 2004). The study of LTD in hippocampus and visual cortex has led to a detailed understanding of how activity triggers a loss of synaptic st ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... were investigated. Regardless of stimulation site, responses consisted of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP ) that either preceded and was truncated by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential ( IPSP) or occurred just after the IPSP onset. IPSPs were monophasic, lasted hundreds of milliseconds, ...
... were investigated. Regardless of stimulation site, responses consisted of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP ) that either preceded and was truncated by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential ( IPSP) or occurred just after the IPSP onset. IPSPs were monophasic, lasted hundreds of milliseconds, ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
... significantly less GnRH and glutamate but more taurin and GABA (Fig. 8). When these hypothalami were under the continuous influence of Buserelin also under in vitvo superfusion conditions, their GnRH release remained low whereas the hypothalamus of in vivo Buserelin-treated animals released increasi ...
... significantly less GnRH and glutamate but more taurin and GABA (Fig. 8). When these hypothalami were under the continuous influence of Buserelin also under in vitvo superfusion conditions, their GnRH release remained low whereas the hypothalamus of in vivo Buserelin-treated animals released increasi ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
Evidence that GABA augmentation of norepinephrine release is mediated by interneurons
... H-NE release. GABA significantly increases the S3:S1 ratios, although GABA is washed out immediately following S2 Ž p - 0.0001; Fig. 1C.. Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, was used to test the role of bicarbonate regeneration in the augmentation of stimulated 3 H-NE release by GABA. Ace ...
... H-NE release. GABA significantly increases the S3:S1 ratios, although GABA is washed out immediately following S2 Ž p - 0.0001; Fig. 1C.. Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, was used to test the role of bicarbonate regeneration in the augmentation of stimulated 3 H-NE release by GABA. Ace ...
Burst Firing and Modulation of Functional Connectivity in Cat Striate
... Newsome 1994). Information theory predicts that the more random a signal, the more information it contains, provided the proper decoding mechanism exists (Shannon 1948). Thus the more random the intervals between the spikes and the more precisely these intervals can be detected, the more information ...
... Newsome 1994). Information theory predicts that the more random a signal, the more information it contains, provided the proper decoding mechanism exists (Shannon 1948). Thus the more random the intervals between the spikes and the more precisely these intervals can be detected, the more information ...
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... kHz). In five rats, nine different randomly interleaved tone frequencies were paired with BF stimulation (1.3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11.2, and 14 kHz). In this group, tones were presented at 30 – 40 dB above rat hearing threshold (Kelly and Masterton 1977) to activate similarly sized neural populations. ...
... kHz). In five rats, nine different randomly interleaved tone frequencies were paired with BF stimulation (1.3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11.2, and 14 kHz). In this group, tones were presented at 30 – 40 dB above rat hearing threshold (Kelly and Masterton 1977) to activate similarly sized neural populations. ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... into the axon that is equal and opposite to the current flowing through the voltage-gated membrane channels. In this way the voltage clamp prevents the charge separation acrossthe membrane from changing. The amount of current that must be generatedby the voltage clamp to keep the membrane potential ...
... into the axon that is equal and opposite to the current flowing through the voltage-gated membrane channels. In this way the voltage clamp prevents the charge separation acrossthe membrane from changing. The amount of current that must be generatedby the voltage clamp to keep the membrane potential ...
Fast Network Oscillations in the Hippocampal CA1
... Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey ...
... Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey ...
Dipole Localization - Home
... The appearance of EEG rhythmic activity in scalp recordings is only possible as a result of the synchronized activation of massifs of neurons, the summed synaptic events of which become sufficiently large. The rhythmic activity may be generated by both pacemaker neurons having inner capability of rh ...
... The appearance of EEG rhythmic activity in scalp recordings is only possible as a result of the synchronized activation of massifs of neurons, the summed synaptic events of which become sufficiently large. The rhythmic activity may be generated by both pacemaker neurons having inner capability of rh ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.