Gamma Oscillations in the Hippocampus
... Many cognitive operations require dynamic coordination of activity across distributed groups of neurons. Several mechanisms exist for this purpose, but one of the best understood is synchronization of neuronal activity by oscillations. Oscillations can be readily studied using local field potential ...
... Many cognitive operations require dynamic coordination of activity across distributed groups of neurons. Several mechanisms exist for this purpose, but one of the best understood is synchronization of neuronal activity by oscillations. Oscillations can be readily studied using local field potential ...
Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate
... only on the input activity and are independent of the postsynaptic membrane potential. However, the ionic channels linked to NMDA receptors are blocked with Mg*+ at the resting potential and become effective only upon membrane depolarization (Nowak et al., 1984; Mayer and Westbrook, 1987). Another d ...
... only on the input activity and are independent of the postsynaptic membrane potential. However, the ionic channels linked to NMDA receptors are blocked with Mg*+ at the resting potential and become effective only upon membrane depolarization (Nowak et al., 1984; Mayer and Westbrook, 1987). Another d ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... principal sleep-promoting cell group within the POA and BFB (Sherin et al., 1996). More recent c-fos studies found other sleep-promoting cell groups, as well as waking-promoting ones, in the POA and BFB (Gong et al., 2000; Gvilia et al., 2006; Modirrousta et al., 2004). However, c-fos expression stu ...
... principal sleep-promoting cell group within the POA and BFB (Sherin et al., 1996). More recent c-fos studies found other sleep-promoting cell groups, as well as waking-promoting ones, in the POA and BFB (Gong et al., 2000; Gvilia et al., 2006; Modirrousta et al., 2004). However, c-fos expression stu ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... • Its value lies in the fact that particular EEG wave forms are associated with particular states of consciousness; generally lowamplitude, fast EEG activity is associated with alert aroused state; and highamplitude, slow EEG activity (alpha waves) is associated with a relaxed but awake state Pinel' ...
... • Its value lies in the fact that particular EEG wave forms are associated with particular states of consciousness; generally lowamplitude, fast EEG activity is associated with alert aroused state; and highamplitude, slow EEG activity (alpha waves) is associated with a relaxed but awake state Pinel' ...
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex GABA Concentration in Humans
... Significance Statement This study demonstrated for the first time that the amount of gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain, in an individual’s prefrontal cortex predicts working memory (WM) task performance. Given that WM is required for many of the most ...
... Significance Statement This study demonstrated for the first time that the amount of gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain, in an individual’s prefrontal cortex predicts working memory (WM) task performance. Given that WM is required for many of the most ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... Wij [f0,1g, is binary, underlying these two ‘overt’ states there is a larger number of ‘hidden’ states, Vij [f1 . . . 2ng, between which the synapse can transition, engendering a form of metaplasticity [21] (Fig. 1B–C). More specifically, we use a model in which synaptic plasticity is stochastic and ...
... Wij [f0,1g, is binary, underlying these two ‘overt’ states there is a larger number of ‘hidden’ states, Vij [f1 . . . 2ng, between which the synapse can transition, engendering a form of metaplasticity [21] (Fig. 1B–C). More specifically, we use a model in which synaptic plasticity is stochastic and ...
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in
... ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons comprising the two main projections from MSDB to HPC. The primary aim of the present study was to assess the effects of GABAergic MSDB lesions on urethane- and locomotion-related HPC, and compare these effects to those of cholinergic MSDB lesions. Saline, kai ...
... ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons comprising the two main projections from MSDB to HPC. The primary aim of the present study was to assess the effects of GABAergic MSDB lesions on urethane- and locomotion-related HPC, and compare these effects to those of cholinergic MSDB lesions. Saline, kai ...
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... n his seminal study on information transfer between biological organisms, Ralph Hartley wrote that ‘‘in any given communication the sender mentally selects a particular symbol and by some bodily motion, as his vocal mechanism, causes the receiver to be directed to that particular symbol’’1. Brain-ma ...
... n his seminal study on information transfer between biological organisms, Ralph Hartley wrote that ‘‘in any given communication the sender mentally selects a particular symbol and by some bodily motion, as his vocal mechanism, causes the receiver to be directed to that particular symbol’’1. Brain-ma ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... hold button release, or target button press. We therefore divided the response period into three epochs of 300 ms: epoch 1 following the cue onset, epoch 2 beginning 150 ms before Figure 4. A–C, Tactics-selective activity of a pmPFC neuron preferentially observed during the delay and response period ...
... hold button release, or target button press. We therefore divided the response period into three epochs of 300 ms: epoch 1 following the cue onset, epoch 2 beginning 150 ms before Figure 4. A–C, Tactics-selective activity of a pmPFC neuron preferentially observed during the delay and response period ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... enkephalin and tachykinins was markedly decreased (Chesselet et al 1990) These studies suggest that cholinergic neurons are more resistant to ischemia than other neurons In view of existing differences we decided to investigate the changes in AChE synthesis after cerebral ischemia Since a transient ...
... enkephalin and tachykinins was markedly decreased (Chesselet et al 1990) These studies suggest that cholinergic neurons are more resistant to ischemia than other neurons In view of existing differences we decided to investigate the changes in AChE synthesis after cerebral ischemia Since a transient ...
Full Article
... motivation exists for studying projections from the brain to spinal sympathetic neurons. First, few studies have investigated direct cortical projections to spinal sympathetic neurons. Second, although the projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (R ...
... motivation exists for studying projections from the brain to spinal sympathetic neurons. First, few studies have investigated direct cortical projections to spinal sympathetic neurons. Second, although the projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (R ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types an ...
... through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types an ...
Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs to Cortical Neurons
... In vivo cortical neurons are known to exhibit highly irregular spike patterns. Because the intervals between successive spikes fluctuate greatly, irregular neuronal firing makes it difficult to estimate instantaneous firing rates accurately. If, however, the irregularity of spike timing is decoupled ...
... In vivo cortical neurons are known to exhibit highly irregular spike patterns. Because the intervals between successive spikes fluctuate greatly, irregular neuronal firing makes it difficult to estimate instantaneous firing rates accurately. If, however, the irregularity of spike timing is decoupled ...
Hybrid Scheme for Modeling Local Field Potentials from Point
... conservation, the sum of all transmembrane currents, including all ionic and capacitive currents, must be zero for each neuron. In a point-neuron model, all transmembrane currents are collapsed in a single point in space. The net transmembrane current, and hence the extracellular potential, therefor ...
... conservation, the sum of all transmembrane currents, including all ionic and capacitive currents, must be zero for each neuron. In a point-neuron model, all transmembrane currents are collapsed in a single point in space. The net transmembrane current, and hence the extracellular potential, therefor ...
The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical
... The neuronal network responsible for paradoxical sleep (PS) onset and maintenance has not been identified in the rat, unlike in the cat. To fill this gap, we developed a new technique involving the recording of sleep-wake states in unanaesthetized head-restrained rats while locally administering pha ...
... The neuronal network responsible for paradoxical sleep (PS) onset and maintenance has not been identified in the rat, unlike in the cat. To fill this gap, we developed a new technique involving the recording of sleep-wake states in unanaesthetized head-restrained rats while locally administering pha ...
Effects of Acute and Neurotoxic Exposure in the Rat
... suggest that that MDMA may induce cognitive (or behavioral) impairment in humans (1,16,19), as do extrapolations from animal studies (8,11). No one has previously examined whether the drug interferes with the initial acquisition of operant behavior, but such an effect would be significant in human u ...
... suggest that that MDMA may induce cognitive (or behavioral) impairment in humans (1,16,19), as do extrapolations from animal studies (8,11). No one has previously examined whether the drug interferes with the initial acquisition of operant behavior, but such an effect would be significant in human u ...
in Primate STT Cells Differentially Modulate Brief
... Dickenson 1998). A behavioral study found that the nociceptive responses in the second phase of the formalin test were potentiated by a group II agonist but slightly reduced by a group III agonist (Fisher and Coderre 1996). The present electrophysiological study of primate spinothalamic tract (STT) ...
... Dickenson 1998). A behavioral study found that the nociceptive responses in the second phase of the formalin test were potentiated by a group II agonist but slightly reduced by a group III agonist (Fisher and Coderre 1996). The present electrophysiological study of primate spinothalamic tract (STT) ...
The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour
... findings have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive action [20], whereas, to date, damage to this brain area was mainly found to produce or alter delay aversion [21– 24] and not impulsive action [25]. In addition, a role for limbic regions such as the habenula and hippocampus in impulsive ...
... findings have implicated the orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive action [20], whereas, to date, damage to this brain area was mainly found to produce or alter delay aversion [21– 24] and not impulsive action [25]. In addition, a role for limbic regions such as the habenula and hippocampus in impulsive ...
Table of Contents
... abundance in the vertebrate brain — 1000-fold higher than known monoamine neurotransmitters, its simple structure and and its role in the Krebs cycle (the "GABA shunt") suggested that it was likely to be involved in metabolism rather than signaling. Moreover, it was demonstrated that GABA was not re ...
... abundance in the vertebrate brain — 1000-fold higher than known monoamine neurotransmitters, its simple structure and and its role in the Krebs cycle (the "GABA shunt") suggested that it was likely to be involved in metabolism rather than signaling. Moreover, it was demonstrated that GABA was not re ...
Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
Separate neural pathways process different decision costs
... Here we propose that frontal decision-making processes may be more easily understood if the existence of two distinct decision-making mechanisms, concerned with different types of decision costs, is postulated. A recent comparative study of primate species demonstrates that a willingness to tolerate ...
... Here we propose that frontal decision-making processes may be more easily understood if the existence of two distinct decision-making mechanisms, concerned with different types of decision costs, is postulated. A recent comparative study of primate species demonstrates that a willingness to tolerate ...
Programme - biomed.cas.cz
... J. BENEDIKT, K. TOUŠOVÁ, K. SUŠÁNKOVÁ, A. SAMAD, L. VYKLICKÝ, J. TEISINGER, V. VLACHOVÁ, Prague 2. PKA dependent effect of pregnenolone sulfate on NMDA receptors expressed in hippocampal neurons M. PETROVIC, H. CHODOUNSKÁ, M. SEDLÁČEK, L. VYKLICKÝ JR., Prague 3. The changes in phosphatidyl inositol ...
... J. BENEDIKT, K. TOUŠOVÁ, K. SUŠÁNKOVÁ, A. SAMAD, L. VYKLICKÝ, J. TEISINGER, V. VLACHOVÁ, Prague 2. PKA dependent effect of pregnenolone sulfate on NMDA receptors expressed in hippocampal neurons M. PETROVIC, H. CHODOUNSKÁ, M. SEDLÁČEK, L. VYKLICKÝ JR., Prague 3. The changes in phosphatidyl inositol ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... Materials and Methods All experiments were approved by the University of Otago Animal Ethics Committee. Adult male Wistar rats (n ⫽ 4) were maintained in a reversed 12 h light/dark cycle with restricted food (18 g/d) and free water access. All experiments were conducted during the rats’ dark cycle. ...
... Materials and Methods All experiments were approved by the University of Otago Animal Ethics Committee. Adult male Wistar rats (n ⫽ 4) were maintained in a reversed 12 h light/dark cycle with restricted food (18 g/d) and free water access. All experiments were conducted during the rats’ dark cycle. ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... focal deposits of FG to reveal retrogradely labeled neurons in all brain regions that project to this part of the DLS. Subsequently, in a second group of rats (n ⫽ 10), an anterograde tracer was placed in somesthetic-specific nuclei of the thalamus to confirm the retrograde tracing results. In the l ...
... focal deposits of FG to reveal retrogradely labeled neurons in all brain regions that project to this part of the DLS. Subsequently, in a second group of rats (n ⫽ 10), an anterograde tracer was placed in somesthetic-specific nuclei of the thalamus to confirm the retrograde tracing results. In the l ...
Word doc - Center for Neural Science
... perpendicular to the pial surface, lowered to a depth of ~200 m using a microdrive (Inchworm, Burleigh Instruments, Fishers NY) and weak positive pressure applied to avoid clogging the electrode tip (positive or negative pressure was applied through the side-port of the sealed electrode holder (War ...
... perpendicular to the pial surface, lowered to a depth of ~200 m using a microdrive (Inchworm, Burleigh Instruments, Fishers NY) and weak positive pressure applied to avoid clogging the electrode tip (positive or negative pressure was applied through the side-port of the sealed electrode holder (War ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.