Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... Berridge 1998) also acknowledge that rewards promote motivational arousal and increase behavioral readiness. Nevertheless, they consider that the “most important role of DA in incentive motivation is historical; it is the stamping-in of stimulus-reward association that has established incentive moti ...
... Berridge 1998) also acknowledge that rewards promote motivational arousal and increase behavioral readiness. Nevertheless, they consider that the “most important role of DA in incentive motivation is historical; it is the stamping-in of stimulus-reward association that has established incentive moti ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... that allow different aspects of activity to be sensed and translated into synaptic modifications, and are likely to subserve distinct functions within neural circuits. Put another way, one could argue that if the response to a perturbation in activity is not a global scaling of synapses, then one is ...
... that allow different aspects of activity to be sensed and translated into synaptic modifications, and are likely to subserve distinct functions within neural circuits. Put another way, one could argue that if the response to a perturbation in activity is not a global scaling of synapses, then one is ...
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel
... antagonist SR141716A, nor pertusis toxin, blocked the effect of anandamide on these channels [31,35,36]. Anandamide augmented the NMDA-induced current [31], whereas it inhibited the serotonin and acetylcholine induced currents [32,33,35,36]. The binding place of anandamide was suggested to be at the ...
... antagonist SR141716A, nor pertusis toxin, blocked the effect of anandamide on these channels [31,35,36]. Anandamide augmented the NMDA-induced current [31], whereas it inhibited the serotonin and acetylcholine induced currents [32,33,35,36]. The binding place of anandamide was suggested to be at the ...
Differential GABAB Receptor Modulation of Ethanol Effects on
... GABAB receptor antagonist CGP-52432 was purchased from Tocris Cookson Inc. (Ellisville, MO). An 8.0 M ethanol solution (in deionized water) was prepared immediately before each experiment from a 95% stock solution (Aaper Alcohol and Chemical, Shelbyville, KT) and kept in a glass storage bottle at 4° ...
... GABAB receptor antagonist CGP-52432 was purchased from Tocris Cookson Inc. (Ellisville, MO). An 8.0 M ethanol solution (in deionized water) was prepared immediately before each experiment from a 95% stock solution (Aaper Alcohol and Chemical, Shelbyville, KT) and kept in a glass storage bottle at 4° ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... of odours, usually unpleasant and unprovoked by ambient surroundings. They are epileptic phenomena associated with focal complex seizures of mesial temporal lobe origin. They occur as isolated phenomena, usually lasting seconds or a few minutes, or may be followed by motor activity or cognitive impa ...
... of odours, usually unpleasant and unprovoked by ambient surroundings. They are epileptic phenomena associated with focal complex seizures of mesial temporal lobe origin. They occur as isolated phenomena, usually lasting seconds or a few minutes, or may be followed by motor activity or cognitive impa ...
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... to resting membrane potential. Taken together, previous data and these results indicate that our preparation is unique in that central depolarization exerts two effects that are both essential for synaptic transmission. First it ensures that spikes actively propagate to the lateral process. Second, ...
... to resting membrane potential. Taken together, previous data and these results indicate that our preparation is unique in that central depolarization exerts two effects that are both essential for synaptic transmission. First it ensures that spikes actively propagate to the lateral process. Second, ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... Hippocampus Cholinergic system Brainstem Limbic system Neuronal networks ...
... Hippocampus Cholinergic system Brainstem Limbic system Neuronal networks ...
Csercsa Richárd
... Biol, 2008). There are species that do not seem to meet the criteria of sleeping, e.g. bullfrog, or coral reef fish (Siegel, Trends Neurosci, 2008). Sleep is a condition during which animals are resting and their responses to external sensory stimuli (sounds, touch, smell) and processing of the info ...
... Biol, 2008). There are species that do not seem to meet the criteria of sleeping, e.g. bullfrog, or coral reef fish (Siegel, Trends Neurosci, 2008). Sleep is a condition during which animals are resting and their responses to external sensory stimuli (sounds, touch, smell) and processing of the info ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... induction occurs before the actual cell death, consistent with a role for NP1 in the injury mechanisms. We also found that NP1 co-localizes with AMAP GluR1 receptors and enhanced GluR1 membrane insertion at the synaptic sites as evident by NP1-GluR1-PSD-95 co-clustering following OGD exposure [22]. ...
... induction occurs before the actual cell death, consistent with a role for NP1 in the injury mechanisms. We also found that NP1 co-localizes with AMAP GluR1 receptors and enhanced GluR1 membrane insertion at the synaptic sites as evident by NP1-GluR1-PSD-95 co-clustering following OGD exposure [22]. ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... even in the presence of atropine (2 lm), suggesting that the persistent firing can occur independent of cholinergic activation. Furthermore, ionotropic glutamate and GABAergic synaptic blockers (2 mm kynurenic acid, 100 lm picrotoxin and 1 lm CGP55845) did not block the persistent firing. On the oth ...
... even in the presence of atropine (2 lm), suggesting that the persistent firing can occur independent of cholinergic activation. Furthermore, ionotropic glutamate and GABAergic synaptic blockers (2 mm kynurenic acid, 100 lm picrotoxin and 1 lm CGP55845) did not block the persistent firing. On the oth ...
1 OSCILLATORY ENTRAINMENT OF THALAMIC NEURONS BY
... rodent anterior thalamic nuclei, only the electrophysiological properties of the anterodorsal ...
... rodent anterior thalamic nuclei, only the electrophysiological properties of the anterodorsal ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... since the pioneering study by Rosenkilde et al. (Rosenkilde et al., 1981), we investigated whether delay neurons of the OFC are also involved in reward expectancy and whether there are differences in the characteristics of reward expectancy-related activity between the OFC and LPFC. Behavioral exper ...
... since the pioneering study by Rosenkilde et al. (Rosenkilde et al., 1981), we investigated whether delay neurons of the OFC are also involved in reward expectancy and whether there are differences in the characteristics of reward expectancy-related activity between the OFC and LPFC. Behavioral exper ...
Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in aged antinerve growth factor
... A decline in the integrity of the central cholinergic function in aged human brain has been postulated (11) to be responsible for the neuropathological changes leading to cognitive and mnemonic deficits. Consequently, there is widespread interest in NGF as a potential therapeutic agent in neurodegen ...
... A decline in the integrity of the central cholinergic function in aged human brain has been postulated (11) to be responsible for the neuropathological changes leading to cognitive and mnemonic deficits. Consequently, there is widespread interest in NGF as a potential therapeutic agent in neurodegen ...
Comparative Study of c-Fos Expression in Rat Dorsal Vagal
... the vomitive reflex and also receives inputs from the vagal sensory fibres of the stomach. The adjacent DMV, NTS and AP have complicated neuronal contact and close correlation in function, so that they constitute the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) (4). Thus, DVC and NA are the primary nerve centres that ...
... the vomitive reflex and also receives inputs from the vagal sensory fibres of the stomach. The adjacent DMV, NTS and AP have complicated neuronal contact and close correlation in function, so that they constitute the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) (4). Thus, DVC and NA are the primary nerve centres that ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... On the other hand, it was clear that ACh could not be the main excitatory or inhibitory transmitter acting on motoneurons, though little further progress was possible without more satisfactory methods of testing active substances. The introduction of the microiontophoretic technique (325, 925) in st ...
... On the other hand, it was clear that ACh could not be the main excitatory or inhibitory transmitter acting on motoneurons, though little further progress was possible without more satisfactory methods of testing active substances. The introduction of the microiontophoretic technique (325, 925) in st ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... mRNA. Studies have shown that microinjections of BDNF into the PVN increase energy expenditure, suggesting BDNF plays a role in energy homeostasis through direct actions in this hypothalamic nucleus. We used male Sprague-Dawley rats to perform whole-cell current-clamp experiments from PVN neurons in ...
... mRNA. Studies have shown that microinjections of BDNF into the PVN increase energy expenditure, suggesting BDNF plays a role in energy homeostasis through direct actions in this hypothalamic nucleus. We used male Sprague-Dawley rats to perform whole-cell current-clamp experiments from PVN neurons in ...
Free recall and recognition in a network model of the... simulating effects of scopolamine on human memory function
... Free recall and recognition are simulated in a network model of the hippocampal formation, incorporating simplified simulations of neurons, synaptic connections, and the effects of acetylcholine. Simulations focus on modeling the effects of the acetylcholine receptor blocker scopolamine on human mem ...
... Free recall and recognition are simulated in a network model of the hippocampal formation, incorporating simplified simulations of neurons, synaptic connections, and the effects of acetylcholine. Simulations focus on modeling the effects of the acetylcholine receptor blocker scopolamine on human mem ...
Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular
... FIG. 1. Simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recording from a CA1 pyramidal cell. A: montage of the dorsal hippocampal area CA1 and overlying cortex showing the placement of electrodes from a successful simultaneous recording. The tetrode tip was placed in the CA1 pyramidal layer. A sharp gl ...
... FIG. 1. Simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recording from a CA1 pyramidal cell. A: montage of the dorsal hippocampal area CA1 and overlying cortex showing the placement of electrodes from a successful simultaneous recording. The tetrode tip was placed in the CA1 pyramidal layer. A sharp gl ...
Possible Mechanism Underlying
... cocaine addiction as the sole treatment at this time. However, some evidence exists to suggest that acupuncture can be beneficial in the treatment of cocaine addiction as an adjunctive therapy (13). Importantly, there is considerable evidence to support that electroacupuncture at body points is also ...
... cocaine addiction as the sole treatment at this time. However, some evidence exists to suggest that acupuncture can be beneficial in the treatment of cocaine addiction as an adjunctive therapy (13). Importantly, there is considerable evidence to support that electroacupuncture at body points is also ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... effects suggest that our Disc1 mutations may not have strong effects on the timing Figure 3. Reduced BrdU incorporation and mispositioning of cortical neurons in Disc1 mutant mice. A, BrdU was injected into of neuronal differentiation. To observe the numbers and eventual E12, E15, and E18 pregnant f ...
... effects suggest that our Disc1 mutations may not have strong effects on the timing Figure 3. Reduced BrdU incorporation and mispositioning of cortical neurons in Disc1 mutant mice. A, BrdU was injected into of neuronal differentiation. To observe the numbers and eventual E12, E15, and E18 pregnant f ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
... structure was virtually unaffected by changes in scanning velocity over the range from 20 to 80 mm/sec. The simplest explanation for this invariance in spatial structure is that the excitatory and inhibitory effects in area 3b are all brief and synchronous. But this explanation fails to account for ...
... structure was virtually unaffected by changes in scanning velocity over the range from 20 to 80 mm/sec. The simplest explanation for this invariance in spatial structure is that the excitatory and inhibitory effects in area 3b are all brief and synchronous. But this explanation fails to account for ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... Previous experimental and computational studies have demonstrated that an increase in the external potassium concentration may release endogenous pacemaker/bursting activity (12, 18, 23, 34, 35). An augmentation in the extracellular potassium concentration shifts the reversal potential for potassium ...
... Previous experimental and computational studies have demonstrated that an increase in the external potassium concentration may release endogenous pacemaker/bursting activity (12, 18, 23, 34, 35). An augmentation in the extracellular potassium concentration shifts the reversal potential for potassium ...
Spike-and-wave
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.