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Transcript
Neural Pathways • information is carried via chains of neurons • neurons secrete chemicals that cause changes in adjacent neurons • chemicals travel between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another Nerve Impulses (Action Potentials) • routes traveled by nerve impulses are called neural pathways • one type of neural pathway is a reflex arc • the simplest and quickest • consists only of 2 neurons • bypasses the brain impulse generated by stimulus -pres., temp., chem. changes dendrites of sensory neuron axon of sensory neuron synapse (space b/w 2 neurons) -chemical signals sent across gap dendrites of motor neuron axon of motor neuron synapse effector organ -muscle that puts nerve signals into effect reflex (quick, jerky response) How Do Impulses Travel? -like a spark along a fuse, or like a volleyball :) 1. membrane of the neurons has a positive charge on the outside (excess Na+) and a negative charge on the inside 2. when stimulated, Na+ channels open temporarily becomes + and and Na+ rushes in -inside outside 3. channels then automatically close very quickly, but this causes the neighboring channels to open 4. it proceeds like a wave along the membrane to the tip of the axon 5. then it arrives at the synapse ** when an impulse encounters a section covered with myelin, it jumps over it – saltatory conduction ** What Happens When an Impulse Arrives at a Synapse? Synapse • where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of another (empty space) 1. when an impulse reaches the synaptic -of the knob, neurotransmitters are released presynaptic into the synaptic cleft neuron -from vesicles 2. neurotransmitters initiate an impulse in the postsynaptic neuron and will then cause the Na+ channels to open in that neuron (excite) -by binding to the proteins 3. the impulse will continue thru the axon ** some neurotransmitters may inhibit the impulse (stop conduction) and NOT open up the Na+ channels** Examples of Neurotransmitters 1. Endorphins • inhibit conduction of pain impulses -release of these increases during exercise 2. Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Dopamine • conduct pleasurable impulses • if there is a serotonin deficiency, may lead to depression • serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s) -blocks the uptake of serotonin back into presynaptic knob 2-Neuron Reflex Arc volleyball students
