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Bell Activity • http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwoway/2013/08/30/217178528/dont-call-it-amind-meld-human-brains-connect-viainternet • Predict how this study will help people in the future. • Why does a psychologist need to know about the brain? Phineas Gage September 13, 1848 • Railroad worker who had a spike fly through his skull due to an explosion. (Frontal Lobe) • Most famous case in neuroscience. • Personality changed after the accident. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B2pQkq M6nc Lesions • Removal or destruction of some part of the brain. • Can be natural or experimentally caused. • Frontal Lobotomy Neuron Types of Neurons • Sensory Neurons: – Neurons that carry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. • Motor Neurons: – Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. • Interneurons: – Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate and intervene between sensory and motor neurons. Dendrites • The extension of the neuron that receives messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. Axon • The extension of the neuron. The part of the neuron where messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. Neural impulse is called the action potential. Myelin Sheath • A layer of fatty tissue around the axon. This increases the speed of neural impulses and they pass from one node to the next. Reflex Arc • Communication goes directly from interneurons in spinal cord to motor neurons to move (reflexively) at the same time the info is going to the brain to be perceived Neural Networks • Clusters of neurons that form a network of cells • The learn together as a team The Synapse • Synapse (synaptic cleft): gap between dendrites of one neuron and axon of another • Receptor sites: parts of dendrite which receive neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters: chemical substances involved in sending neural impulses Resting potential Neural Impulse: electrochemical firing of a nerve cell • Resting potential: electric potential when neuron not firing (-70 millivolts) • Depolarization: neuron reduces resting potential by becoming positively charged • Action Potential: neuron fires when it reaches +30-40 millivolts • Repolarization: internal charge becomes more negative • Refractory period: phase after firing an impulse, neuron will not fire • All-or-none principle: neuron will fire or not fire, no in-between • Threshold: level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse (excitatory – inhibitory = threshold) How neurons are like toilets • All-or-none principle: Toilet either flushes or it does not. • Resting potential: Water in the toilet is waiting to fire. • Threshold: Toilet will only flush correctly once you push it past a critical point. Neurons like toliets? • Refectory period: Once you flush the toilet you have to wait a little bit for it to flush again. • Action potential: The water flowing down the pipe. Substances that Affect Neurotransmitters • Agonist: similar to the neurotransmitters, mimics its effects • Antagonist: inhibits the release of neurotransmitters by sending neuron, or blocks receptor site for NT on receiving neuron Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine (ACh) Function: Muscle contractions, learning, memory EXCITATORY (sometimes inhibitory) Malfunctions: Alzheimer’s Disease Neurotransmitters • Dopamine (DA) Function: Voluntary movement, sensations of pleasure & reward Malfunctions: Too little Parkinson’s, Too much --> Schizophrenia Neurotransmitters • Serotonin Function: Mood, appetite, sleep, impulsivity, concentration Malfunctions: Depression, Eating Disorders Neurotransmitters • Norepinephrine Function: Alertness, arousal, mood, heart rate/appetite Inhibitory & excitatory Malfunctions: Depression • GABA (most prevalent inhibitory NT) Function: Decrease anxiety, sleep, reduce seizures Malfunctions: Anxiety disorders, tremors, insomnia • Glutamate (main excitatory NT) Function: Memory & learning Malfunctions: Migraines, seizures, addictions • Endorphins Function: Pain control Malfunctions: None