* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Application Six - Sheila Tooker Impey
Multielectrode array wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Neural oscillation wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Mirror neuron wikipedia , lookup
Subventricular zone wikipedia , lookup
Emotional lateralization wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Caridoid escape reaction wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Embodied language processing wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Dual consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Chemical synapse wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Running head: Effects of CVA on the Precentral Gyrus Effects of a Cerebrovascular Accident on the Precentral Gyrus Sheila Impey PSYC-4002- Brain and Behavior January 25, 2012 Walden University 1 Effects of CVA on the Precentral Gyrus 2 Effects of a Cerebrovascular Accident on the Precentral Gyrus Male patient of, 59 years of age, presents with a stroke where a small blood clot became lodged in one of the vessels serving the right side of brain. Said blood clot occluded the blood flow to a portion of his right precentral gyrus resulting in neural damage localized to that area. As a result, the patient is partially paralyzed on the left side of his body. He is able to move his left leg and walk, and can also move his left arm, but his left hand and the left side of his face are paralyzed. Although the blood clot was on the right side of the brain, the patient’s left side was affected because one side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body. A stroke affecting one side of the brain will result in neurological complications on the side of the body it affects (American Heart Association, 2011). The patient cannot move his left hand or the muscles in the left side of his face, because of the neural damage to the right precentral gyrus which is the location of the primary motor cortex that controls voluntary movement. Most normal functioning neurons receive chemical signals from the axon termini of other neurons (Freeman, 2000). There is then an action potential that reaches a chemical synapse. A neurotransmitter is then released into the synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors on the postsynaptic cell changes the ion permeability and thus the electric potential of the postsynaptic plasma membrane (Freeman, 2000). An Interneuron is connected to multiple sensory and motor neurons. This allows one sensory neuron to affect multiple motor neurons meaning that one muscle can be stimulated to contract while another is repressed from contracting. The patient is unable to move his hand, not because the motor neurons were damaged, but because of the damage to neurons that communicate with the motor neurons. The sensory Effects of CVA on the Precentral Gyrus 3 neurons are no longer communicating with the motor neuron. In simpler terms, the phone works but no one is calling anymore. The patient is an adult. Adult mammals no longer produce the chemical and molecular conditions that stimulate and guide neural growth (Garrett, 2011). Although axons do not regenerate and neuron replacement is limited at best, it is possible for some function recovery through compensation (Garrett, 2011). This is where the uninjured tissue of the brain takes on the function of the injured tissue. Terminals and receptors are sprouted in to take on additional responsibility. It is important that physical therapy be incorporated into the recovery of a stroke patient because of the synaptic changes that are taking place. One experimental treatment includes using neuron growth enhancers that counteract the forces that inhibit growth (Garrett, 2011). There is also controversial research that involves using stem cells to replace the injured cells. Placing stem cells into the nervous system would encourage them to replace injured cells because they respond to the chemical changes in their environment. Both therapies are still being explored and are not readily available. Effects of CVA on the Precentral Gyrus 4 References American Heart Association. (2011). Effects of stroke. Retrieved from http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/EffectsofStroke/Effectsof-Stroke_UCM_308534_SubHomePage.jsp Freeman, W. H. (2000). Overview of neuron structure and function. Retrieved from National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21535/ Garrett, B. (2011). Brain & behavior, an introduction to biological psychology. (3 ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.