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The Brain and Behavior McElhaney Biopsychology= Bio explanation/cause for behavior. Or Physiological Psychology Includes Electro/Chemical processes Brain Anatomy The Study of Biological Aspects of Behavior Hormonal aspects of behavior Hemisphere specialization Phineas Gage- Frontal Lobe injury Suffered brain injury that caused changes in his personality and behavior. Brain Mapping We know about the brain through experiments Where portions of the brain are stopped, in order to identify locals of control. What tools do Doctors have in determining Brain Function? EEG CAT Scan MRI PET Scan Role of Glucose Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity EEG Electroencephalogram measures electrical currents across the brain Measure brain activity And Location of different functions Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity CT scan Also called a CAT scan Computerized axial tomography X-ray of brain tissue Shows brain structure Cross section images Snapshots of the Brain PET scan Positron Emissions Tomography Patients drinks radioactive glucose* and image shows areas of brain activity or as it’s working. *Glucose is the primary fuel of the Brain as it is working. More glucose in an area means brain is working. Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging Exposes brain to magnetic field Shows brain structure Neurons are the basic building blocks AKA Nerve Cells – 100 Billion in brain Carries and processes information Connected via Chains of specailzed information Activate Muscles & Glands Non are identical The Neuron and what it does Dendrites= “Tree Roots” receives and messages from other neurons Soma – cell body, sends Nerve Impulses Axon- Fibrous carrier of impulses Axon Terminals- end of Axon Myelin Sheath- insulating body surrounding the axon Nerve Impulse- “Firing” of a nerve Ions= sodium (Na) Electrical Charged molecules are in each neuron Electrical charge of <-70> Millivolts Threshold = trigger point for sending a message Nerve Impulse- will be fired when <-50> Millivolts are reached =Action Potential Gates open and allow flow of ions- sodium goes in Potassium out Action Potential Psych Jeopardy Review Choose group of 5 people Divide Key Terms form reading (part 2 recommended) Make questions/answers on flashcards (at least 10) Play Jeopardy monday Quiz Thursday: Neuron and its components Nerve Impulse and Action Potential Synapse Neurotransmitters Synapses and Neurotransmitters Info is transmitted chemically Synapse = space between neurons Between Axon terminals and Dendrites Neurotransmitter=a chemical released by a neuron that stimulates nearby neurons and allows for nerve impulses to be passed throughout the body Neurotransmitters are kept in vesicles, which fuse with the axon terminal’s membrane and travel into the synaptic cleft, ready to bind to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane What a neurotransmitter looks like… Receptors are found at each end of the neuron- cell body and dendrite Neurotransmitters can slow or speed up firing of neuron There are over 100 transmitter chemicals Facts and Such. Everything you do or feel occurs due to communication between different neurons, which provide information throughout the nervous system. Within a single neuron, information travels through electrical signals, but when information is transmitted from one neuron to the next neuron, the transmission is considered ‘chemical’. For two neurons to communicate neurotransmitters (messengers) are released into the synaptic cleft (an extremely tiny gap between neurons), where they then move to the next neuron and attach themselves to locations called receptor sites. The result is an initiation of electrical current that moves through that neuron toward the next one. After the neurotransmitter does its thing, it is either destroyed by other chemicals in the synaptic cleft or is taken back into its original neuron. This action prevents the neurons from becoming ‘overstimulated’. When neurons communicate, the effect can either help or hinder the next neuron. For example, when a person pays attention to one conversation and ignores others, the neurons in the brain are ‘listening’ to that information (helping) and ignoring the rest (hindering). Neurons come in different shapes and sizes, affecting many other neurons, and can have different numbers of synapses. Some neurons, called Purkinje cells, may have as many as 100,000 synapses. Neurotransmitters Chemicals that influence the firing of nerve cells Can “excite”-make firing more likely Or “inhibit” make firing less likely Neurotransmitter Function Acetylcholine Found at neuromuscular junction; memory and learning Dopamine Movement, muscle control, learning, attention, emotions, and rewards Serotonin Sleep, mood, hunger, arousal Associated Diseases Alzheimer’s disease (decreased Ach) Black widow spider (increased Ach) Botox (decreased Ach) Curare (decreased Ach) Parkinson’s disease (decreased dopamine) Schizophrenia (increased dopamine) Depression (decreased dopamine) Depression (decreased serotonin) Anorexia (increased serotonin) Sleep disorders Norepinephrine Fight or flight response Depression (decreased NE) Endorphins (endogenous opiates) Pain, emotions Mimicked by opiates (heroin, morphine, codeine) Runners high Neurostimulation GABA (gamma amino-butyric acid) Hunger and sleep, inhibits CNS Alcohol consumption causes an increase in GABA Effects of Drugs + Meds on Neurotransmitters Alcohol- Increases GABA, Increases Dopamine Prozac- Increases Serotonin levels Same with Zoloft, Paxil, Celexa, Luvox Opiates- Increases Dopamine, Mimics Endorphins Morphine and heroin Nicotine- Imitates Acetylcholine Drugs and Neurotransmitters Psychoactive medications: Imitate Duplicate Or blocks Neurotransmitters Curare = poison Prevents Acetylcholine- up take And causes paralysis Endorphins Endorphins are a group of small proteins naturally occurring in the brain around nerve endings that bind to opiate receptors Natural opiates produced in the brain which function as the body’s own natural painkillers and Elevate mood. Endorphins respond to morphine Enkephalins= opiate like neural regulators relieve pain & stress similar to endorphins Organization of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Controls the voluntary behavior Carries information to and from the Central Nervous System Peripheral nervous system is made up of: Somatic System Autonomic System Sympathetic Branch Parasympathetic Branch Peripheral Nervous System Somatic System- controls voluntary behavior Sense organs and skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Both systems work together: Emotional responses and Involuntary behavior Sympathetic: “Emergency System” Fight or Flight Arouses body for action Parasympathetic= quiets body, returns to lower level of arousal, after emotional event Vital functions, heart rate, breathing, digestion Types of Neurons Sensory Neurons – Afferent Neurons Inter neurons Make up the CNS Motor Neurons – Efferent Neurons Carry the message from the sense organs to the CNS Carry the message from the CNS to the muscles or glands Remember – SAME (sensory = afferent, motor = efferent) Brain Stem Medulla– where spinal cord meets the skull; controls heartbeat and breathing Reticular formation– bundle of nerves running through the brainstem; controls arousal and attention; filters incoming stimuli and relays important information to the brain. Cerebral Cortex Controls information processing; wrinkled to increase surface area Composed of 8 lobes (4 on each side) Corpus Callosum bundle of nerves connecting the left and right hemispheres Parietal Lobes Located on the top and rear of head Contains the sensory cortex (part of brain that registers and processes tactile information (phantom limb) Contains the angular gyrus (left hemisphere only) which is involved in converting written words into sound Frontal Lobes Located in the forehead region Includes the motor cortex (part of brain that controls voluntary movement) Includes Broca’s area (needed for forming words; located in left hemisphere only) Association areas in this region – judgment, planning, processing new memories Occipital Lobes Located in the back of the head Contains the visual cortex Temporal Lobes Located on the sides of head, above ears Receives and processes auditory information Includes Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere only) part of brain involved in understanding language Cerebellum Controls balance and coordination In the rear of the head, behind the brainstem Thalamus Pair of egg-shaped organs above the brainstem; receives information from the senses (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) and relays it to the rest of the brain. Thalamus Limbic System Amygdala – two almond shaped structures; influence fear and aggression (monkeys and cats) Hypothalamus – below the thalamus; regulates hunger, thirst, body temp, sex, fight-or-flight; triggers the pituitary (the “master gland”); reward center Hippocampus – behind the amygdala; memory The Brain Gray matter – areas of the CNS with high concentrations of cell bodies; outer surface of cerebrum (cerebral cortex) White matter – areas of the CNS with mostly myelinated axons; inner part of cerebrum Glial cells – cells in the brain that nourish and protect neurons Name that brain part