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Neuron and Nervous System Biological Psychology: concerned with the links between biology and behavior (also called neuropsychology) Neuron: a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system Action Potential: a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon **Neurons that are stimulated cause a brief electrical charge; if strong enough, the nerve fires **ALL OR NOTHING Threshold: level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse; excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals must equal a minimum intensity Neural Communication Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons Agonist – mimic neurotransmitters Example: Morphine mimics endorphins Antagonist – block neurotransmitters Example: Poison blocks muscle movement Acetylcholine (Ach) – Enables muscle action, learning, and memory **Brains of those suffering from Alzheimer’s have deteriorating Achproducing neurons Endorphins – natural neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure **”Runner’s High” is an example of endorphin release The Nervous System Nervous System – body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network consisting of nerve cells Central Nervous System (CNS) – brain and spinal cord **Neural networks – interconnected neural cells; more connections made as experience gained Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body Sensory Neurons – sends incoming information from sense receptors to CNS CNS FEW MILLION Interneurons – CNS internal communication neurons; intervene b/w sensory & motor CNS BILLIONS Motor Neurons – sends outgoing information from CNS to muscles and glands CNS FEW MILLION Reflex – automatic response to sensory stimulus; motor neuron reacts to sensory neuron w/o going to brain