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The Biology of Behavior Chapter 3- Part 1 Ettinger’s Psychology- The Science of Behavior 4e The Nervous System • Nervous System -2 subdivisions • CNS, Central Nervous System • consists of the brain and spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System, PNS • transmits messages to and from the brain • Somatic NS • Autonomic NS FIGURE 3.1 Divisions of the Nervous System Cent ral Ne rvous System Brain Spinal Cord Periphe ral Ne rvous System Somatic System Autonomic System Sy mpathetic Sy stem Parasy mpathetic Sy stem Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 © 2009 BVT Publishing Neurons-basic units • Neurons are the specialized cells of the nervous system • Billions in the brain alone • 3 classes • Sensory (afferent) neurons • Motor (efferent) neurons • Interneurons • Communication between afferent and efferent neurons as with ither interneurons FIGURE 3.2 Neuron Structure Telodend ria Axon Myelin Sheath Node of Ra nv ier Axon Hillo ck Nucleus Cell Body Dend rites Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 Terminal Buttons © 2009 BVT Publishing Neural Transmission • Chemical transmission of substances called neurotransmitters • Bundles of neuron fibers = nerves • Bundles fibers allow continuous travel of message from CNS PNS • http://bit.ly/q3PxTj (neurotransmission animation) FIGURE 3.3 Neuron Electrical Activity Axon Dendr ites (A) At rest Axon Hillo ck (B) Beginning of action potentials Area of action potentia l traveling along axon Area of repolar izatio n (C) Propagatio n of action potentials Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 Area of action potential tr aveling along axon © 2009 BVT Publishing Neural Electric Activity • Resting potential • Net negative charge • Graded potentials • Voltage change in dendrites to prepare to receive impulse • Action potentials • Electrical progression along axis to release neurotransmitters • All-or-none law: strength of action potential doesn’t depend on strength of stimulation • Animation to demonstrate electrical activity: http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/action potential.swf All or none… • Glia cells inslulate, remove waste, provide nutrients and increase conductivity • Myelin sheath covers some axons, made of glial cells • Node of Ranvier- gap in myelin sheath • Synapse- membranes on pre and post membranes and gap (chasm) between FIGURE 3.4 Synapse Dend rites Neuron Cell Body Neurot ransmitter Receptor Axon of Presy naptic Neuron Sy naptic Vesicle Postsy naptic memb rane How neurotransmitters get from one neuron to another: http://bit.ly/qxmpzn Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 © 2009 BVT Publishing Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters and Behavior • Schizophrenia, a severe psychological disorder, seems to be related to excessive dopamine neutotransmitter and dopamine neurons in several brain areas. Antipsychotic drugs inhibit the effects of dopamine in the brain, reducing the over- reaction to it. • Depression, probably the most common psychological disturbance, appears to be related to 2 neurotransmitters: norepinephrine and serotonin. Tricyclic drugs are helpful in relieving depression and seem to increase the availability in specific brain area FIGURE 3.5 Functions of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System Parasy mpathetic Nervous Sy stem Pupil Const ricts Pupil Dilates Sy mpathic Nervous Sy stem Sti mulates Sali va Speeds Breathing, Rela xes Bronchi Inhibits Sali va Lung Sl ows Breathing Const ricts Bronchi Accele rates Hea rt Sl ows Hea rt Hea rt Inhibits Digestion Releases Glucose Sti mulates Gall Bladder Sti mulates Digestion Cont racts Bladder Rela xes Bladder Inhibits Sex Organs Sti mulates Sex Organs Male Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 Female © 2009 BVT Publishing FIGURE 3.6 Bisected View of the Human Brain, Showing the Locations of Major Structures and Areas Fornix Thala mus Co r pus Callosum Cereb ral Co r tex Pineal Gland Ol facto ry Bulb Hypothala mus Optic Chiasm Pituita ry Gland Pons Cerebellum Reticular Formation Medulla Spinal Cord Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 © 2009 BVT Publishing FIGURE 3.7 Neural Control of Simple Reflexes Sy napse Bet ween Senso ry Neuron and Inte rneuron Nerve Cell Body 3. Inte rneuron Car ries Message to B rain Dorsal Root Inte rneuron Arm Muscles Vent ral Root 2. Senso ry Neuron Car ries Impulse to Spinal Cord Spinal Cord 1. Skin Receptors Pick up Pain Impulse 4. Motor Neuron Car ries Impulse to A rm Muscle s, Causing Hand to Withd raw f rom Hot Bu rner 3. Inte rneuron Si multaneously Transmits Message to Motor Neuron Sy napse Bet ween Inte rneuron and Motor Neuron Hot St ove Bu rner Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 © 2009 BVT Publishing FIGURE 3.8 The Limbic System Thala mus Fornix Cingulate Gy rus Septum Septal Nuclei Ol facto ry Bulb Hippocampus Hypothala mus Pituita ry Gland Mammila ry Body Amygdala Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 © 2009 BVT Publishing The Limbic System • Structures in the central core of the brain. • Emotional memory • Memory, motivation, and learning 1.Amygdala • Small structure near Hippocampus • Important in aggression, anger, rage, fearmotivated behaviors • (social cognition and decision-making) Limbic System 2) Hippocampus Important for learning and memory • Damage may inhibit new learning • May be impacted by early life stress 3) Septal Area associated with experience of pleasure • Pleasure and reward areas called mesolimbiccortical system Limbic system 4) Hypothalamus • Below the thalamus • Contains control mechanisms for some body systems to maintain homeostasis • Hub of the neuroendochrine system influences the pituitary gland • Integrates emotional expressions through interaction with endocrine system Limbic System 5) Thalamus • Pair of structures above the hypothalamus, in each hemisphere • Routes sensory info to cerebral cortex • All sensory info except smell goes thru thalamus before being sent to appropriate cortical area • Works w/ reticular formation to regulate sleep and alertness • ADHD appears to be caused by interruptions in brain circuits btw thalamus and frontal cortex FIGURE 3.9 Localization of Cortical Functions in the Four Lobes of the Left Cerebral Cortex Motor Co r tex Somatosenso ry Audito r y Co rtex Cent ral Fissure Co r tex (Hea ring) Parietal Lobe Broca ’s Area (Speech) Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Visual Co r tex Wernicke’s Area (Understanding Speech) Tempo ral Lobe Termi nus of Late ral Fissure Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 © 2009 BVT Publishing The Basal Ganglia • Made up of caudate nucleus, putamen and substantia nigra • Receive messages from cortex and thalamus • Function: initiate and control motion • Common disorder is Parkinson’s from destruction of dopamine- containing neurons Cerebral Cortex • Thin outer covering of the brain, a.k.a. the neo-cortex • Contours are to make the most efficient use of space • Motor and Sensory Cortices • Areas of the body that require the most motor control and sensory information get the most representation on the cortex. • Attiribution of space on the cortices is upside down FIGURE 3.10 Primary Areas of the Motor Cortex and the Somatosensory Cortex Trunk Shoulder Arm Elb ow Wrist Trunk Hip Head Arm Neck Elb ow Forea rm Hand Fingers Hip Knee Hand Thumb Thumb Fingers Eye Leg Toes Genitals Nose Neck Br ow Eye Face Lips Cent ral f issure Face Teeth Gums Motor cortex Lips Jaw Jaw Somatosenso ry cortex Tongue Pha ry nx Tongue Int ra-abdominal Motor Co rtex (cross section just in f ront of central f issure) Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 Somatosenso ry Cortex (cross section just behind cent ral f issure) © 2009 BVT Publishing Cerebral cortex… • Called gray matter because of lack of myelination which appears white • Memories are stored in the cortex • Analyzes and translates incoming messages into responses • Motor and Sensory cortex =25% Association cortex-the rest Lobes and sulci • Frontal lobe- largest and foremost • Higher order functioning • Motor cortex is just posterior • Followed by Central Sulcus • Function: • Motor nerves from left motor cortex control right side of the body • Broca’s area very important in speech production • Until 1960s, pre-frontal lobotomy was surgery that intended to minimize dysfunction and calm moods of mental patients Lobes… • Occipital • Location of visual cortex • Temporal Lobes • Primary function: hearing • Location of auditory cortex, and Wernicke’s area- for understanding speech • Damage or injury can cause agnosias Lobes.. • Parietal- behind central fissure • Front of the lobe made up of the somatosensory cortex-receiver for all sensory info • Relates visual and spatial information • Mental rotation • Injury to parietal lobe can cause contralateral neglect FIGURE 3.11 Passage of Visual Information in Brains with an Intact and a Severed Corpus Callosum Lef t Front Right Lef t Optic Chiasm Speech Left Hemisphere A. Front Right Optic Chiasm Speech Right Hemisphere Intact Corpus Callosum Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 Left Right Hemisphere Hemisphere S evered B. Corpus Callosum © 2009 BVT Publishing FIGURE 3.12 The Major Glands of the Endocrine System Pineal Gland Pituita ry Gland Parat hy roid Glands Thy roid Gland Adrenal Glands Kidn ey s Pancreas Ovaries Testes Psychology: The Science of Behavior, 3/e, CHAPTER 3 © 2009 BVT Publishing