Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... necessarily need to understand the neuronal substrate of perception, cognition and behavior. It is still not clear how the brain generates a percept of the environment from spatially and temporally distributed receptor activations on a neuronal basis. For example, how can I come to the conclusion th ...
... necessarily need to understand the neuronal substrate of perception, cognition and behavior. It is still not clear how the brain generates a percept of the environment from spatially and temporally distributed receptor activations on a neuronal basis. For example, how can I come to the conclusion th ...
Bischoff_Thesis_notes
... Number of firing TANs reduced to unlearned levels with injection of MPTP (Kimura et al., 1993) o Dopamine agonist restored firing to CS o Reponse rates did not increase w/ additional training o Kimura et al., 1993 – TANs must receive input from nigrostriatal neurons and cortex o Dopamine involved ...
... Number of firing TANs reduced to unlearned levels with injection of MPTP (Kimura et al., 1993) o Dopamine agonist restored firing to CS o Reponse rates did not increase w/ additional training o Kimura et al., 1993 – TANs must receive input from nigrostriatal neurons and cortex o Dopamine involved ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... projection that terminates in lamina 2/3A (Fig. 8A). Fibers making this projection follow a narrow column of heavy orthograde label that is little wider than the injection site itself. Arising out of this column, a few coarse fibers fan upward and away from the radial projection axis, and travel as ...
... projection that terminates in lamina 2/3A (Fig. 8A). Fibers making this projection follow a narrow column of heavy orthograde label that is little wider than the injection site itself. Arising out of this column, a few coarse fibers fan upward and away from the radial projection axis, and travel as ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... by filling the hollow ear bars of the stereotaxic apparatus with betadine salve. We then calculated the stereotaxic coordinates for each injection in three dimensions using the interaural line as reference. Surgical procedures. One week after the MRI, the monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydr ...
... by filling the hollow ear bars of the stereotaxic apparatus with betadine salve. We then calculated the stereotaxic coordinates for each injection in three dimensions using the interaural line as reference. Surgical procedures. One week after the MRI, the monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydr ...
Neuron 2013 Bartolini
... on their connectivity, which is roughly linked to their laminar location in the cortex (Jones, 1984) (Figure 1). Subcortical projection pyramidal cells are the main neurons in layers V and VI. They target the thalamus (layer VI) and other telencephalic and subcerebral regions, such as the striatum, ...
... on their connectivity, which is roughly linked to their laminar location in the cortex (Jones, 1984) (Figure 1). Subcortical projection pyramidal cells are the main neurons in layers V and VI. They target the thalamus (layer VI) and other telencephalic and subcerebral regions, such as the striatum, ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... logically to [1] discrediting the idea of a limbic system-exptrapyramidal system dichotomy and [2] significantly expanding the role of basal gangliathalamocortical functions in behavioral synthesis. He then shows that, in functional-anatomical terms, much of the amygdala emulates cortex and that thi ...
... logically to [1] discrediting the idea of a limbic system-exptrapyramidal system dichotomy and [2] significantly expanding the role of basal gangliathalamocortical functions in behavioral synthesis. He then shows that, in functional-anatomical terms, much of the amygdala emulates cortex and that thi ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
... mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the application of TMS applied 50 ms before the perturbation. The order of task ...
... mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the application of TMS applied 50 ms before the perturbation. The order of task ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
MARCKS modulates radial progenitor placement
... Moreover, PIP2 has recently been shown to complex with key components of the polarity machinery, including PTEN, CDC42 and aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their polarized expression (Imai et al., 2006; Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007; Ma ...
... Moreover, PIP2 has recently been shown to complex with key components of the polarity machinery, including PTEN, CDC42 and aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their polarized expression (Imai et al., 2006; Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007; Ma ...
Neural systems for guilt from actions affecting self versus others
... the evaluative processes comparing guilt and embarrassment showed that both conditions commonly activated the medial PFC and the left superior temporal sulcus (STS) (Takahashi et al., 2004). In parallel to these studies of emotion, social cognition research has uncovered the neural systems associate ...
... the evaluative processes comparing guilt and embarrassment showed that both conditions commonly activated the medial PFC and the left superior temporal sulcus (STS) (Takahashi et al., 2004). In parallel to these studies of emotion, social cognition research has uncovered the neural systems associate ...
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat
... available, whether primates had an auditory CT projection (Krieg, 1963). Subsequent work has shown that it is present robustly (Pandya et al., 1994) and reciprocates TC projections (Mesulam and Pandya, 1973; Hashikawa et al., 1995). Nevertheless, the precise role of the CT system remains somewhat en ...
... available, whether primates had an auditory CT projection (Krieg, 1963). Subsequent work has shown that it is present robustly (Pandya et al., 1994) and reciprocates TC projections (Mesulam and Pandya, 1973; Hashikawa et al., 1995). Nevertheless, the precise role of the CT system remains somewhat en ...
ITI-signals and prelimbic cortex facilitate avoidance acquisition and
... et al., 2000; Beck et al., 2010) differences in avoidance susceptibility; however, WKY rats are a unique rodent, in that, they exhibit qualities of behavioral inhibition (low exploration of novel spaces and stimuli), but they also exhibit rapid acquisition of activeavoidance behavior, which they bec ...
... et al., 2000; Beck et al., 2010) differences in avoidance susceptibility; however, WKY rats are a unique rodent, in that, they exhibit qualities of behavioral inhibition (low exploration of novel spaces and stimuli), but they also exhibit rapid acquisition of activeavoidance behavior, which they bec ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... life span averaging approximately 30–60 days. They are constantly replaced by mitotic division of the basal stem cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to t ...
... life span averaging approximately 30–60 days. They are constantly replaced by mitotic division of the basal stem cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to t ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... It is unclear as to the actual purpose of olfactory adaptation, though there may be more than one purpose. One of those purposes may serve as a means of protection. Take our restaurant example and consider the cooks who work in the kitchen full of dense odors. If their sensitivity to the ambient odo ...
... It is unclear as to the actual purpose of olfactory adaptation, though there may be more than one purpose. One of those purposes may serve as a means of protection. Take our restaurant example and consider the cooks who work in the kitchen full of dense odors. If their sensitivity to the ambient odo ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... develop orientation-selective cells in V1, just as controls do. In addition, there is an increased probability for cells in layers 2 and 3 to form connections with other cells with similar orientations, compared to with cells responding to orthogonal orientations, and this is seen in dark-reared mic ...
... develop orientation-selective cells in V1, just as controls do. In addition, there is an increased probability for cells in layers 2 and 3 to form connections with other cells with similar orientations, compared to with cells responding to orthogonal orientations, and this is seen in dark-reared mic ...
THE VISUAL CLAUSTRUM OF THE CAT I. Structure and Connections`
... 1971) was noted. Then the center of the visual claustrum was reached in a third penetration made at nominal coordinates of AP +11.5, lateral 12.0, corrected by the amount of the previously determined error. Further penetrations were made as necessary based on our knowledge of the layout of the visua ...
... 1971) was noted. Then the center of the visual claustrum was reached in a third penetration made at nominal coordinates of AP +11.5, lateral 12.0, corrected by the amount of the previously determined error. Further penetrations were made as necessary based on our knowledge of the layout of the visua ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, ...
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, ...
Bipolar Cell
... Connections between Eye and Brain • For this reason, the inner two layers are called the magnocellular layers, and the outer four layers are called the parvocellular layers (parvo- refers to the small size of the cells). • A third set of neurons in the koniocellular sublayers are found ventral to ea ...
... Connections between Eye and Brain • For this reason, the inner two layers are called the magnocellular layers, and the outer four layers are called the parvocellular layers (parvo- refers to the small size of the cells). • A third set of neurons in the koniocellular sublayers are found ventral to ea ...
The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... nucleus). The dorsal thalamus has anterior, medial and lateral subdivisions, defined by a curved sheet of myelinated fibres called the internal medullary lamina (Figure 2). These subdivisions are composed of distinct thalamic nuclei, defined on the basis of their cytoarchitecture, patterns of connec ...
... nucleus). The dorsal thalamus has anterior, medial and lateral subdivisions, defined by a curved sheet of myelinated fibres called the internal medullary lamina (Figure 2). These subdivisions are composed of distinct thalamic nuclei, defined on the basis of their cytoarchitecture, patterns of connec ...
INFUSION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) INTO KITTEN
... levels, (2) visual inspection of the spectral content of electroencephalography (EEG) recordings made from a supradural electrode implanted in a small hole drilled through the skull, (3) heart rate measurements, and (4) observing whether there was an increase in heart rate following a paw pinch or t ...
... levels, (2) visual inspection of the spectral content of electroencephalography (EEG) recordings made from a supradural electrode implanted in a small hole drilled through the skull, (3) heart rate measurements, and (4) observing whether there was an increase in heart rate following a paw pinch or t ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ADULT MAMMALIAN SENSORY CORTEX
... plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that synaptic plasticity is greater in juveniles than in adults. However, it has ...
... plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that synaptic plasticity is greater in juveniles than in adults. However, it has ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... many steps ahead, and for example deferring short-term rewards in order to execute a long-term plan. This system may use syntactic processing to perform the planning, and is therefore part of a linguistic system which performs explicit (conscious) processing, as described more fully elsewhere (Rolls ...
... many steps ahead, and for example deferring short-term rewards in order to execute a long-term plan. This system may use syntactic processing to perform the planning, and is therefore part of a linguistic system which performs explicit (conscious) processing, as described more fully elsewhere (Rolls ...
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states
... que los mecanismos de fatiga tienen un papel débil pero significativo en la determinación de la duración de los intervalos U y D, mientras que los inputs externos o las fluctuaciones de la actividad durante los U, podrían tener un gran impacto generando las transiciones entre UP/DOWN. Por otra parte ...
... que los mecanismos de fatiga tienen un papel débil pero significativo en la determinación de la duración de los intervalos U y D, mientras que los inputs externos o las fluctuaciones de la actividad durante los U, podrían tener un gran impacto generando las transiciones entre UP/DOWN. Por otra parte ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
Alpha-beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and
... Granger Causality in feedforward and feedback directions GC was computed between all possible pairs of the seven selected visual areas. In order to estimate bias due to the GC metric used and the finite sample size, data epochs were randomized at each source location and GC computation was repeated. ...
... Granger Causality in feedforward and feedback directions GC was computed between all possible pairs of the seven selected visual areas. In order to estimate bias due to the GC metric used and the finite sample size, data epochs were randomized at each source location and GC computation was repeated. ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.