Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et al 2000) showed a 21% decrease in spine density in schizophrenic patients compared with age-matched controls. It is well known that the cognitive functions are impaired during normal aging. So ...
... density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et al 2000) showed a 21% decrease in spine density in schizophrenic patients compared with age-matched controls. It is well known that the cognitive functions are impaired during normal aging. So ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... encounter distinct types of inhibitory interneurons (e.g., Barbas et al., 2005b; Germuska et al., 2006). Moreover, laminar-specific connections can be used to infer the flow of information by analogy with sensory cortices. Feedforward projections originate from neurons in layers 2–3 of earlier-proce ...
... encounter distinct types of inhibitory interneurons (e.g., Barbas et al., 2005b; Germuska et al., 2006). Moreover, laminar-specific connections can be used to infer the flow of information by analogy with sensory cortices. Feedforward projections originate from neurons in layers 2–3 of earlier-proce ...
Statistics and geometry of orientation selectivity in primary visual
... thalamus to cortex, in addition to the mosaic of ON and OFF center retinal ganglion cells on the retina, could explain the emergence of simple cell-like receptive fields. There are, however, problems with this model. One problem is that the number of LGN neurons converging to a V1 cell in the model ...
... thalamus to cortex, in addition to the mosaic of ON and OFF center retinal ganglion cells on the retina, could explain the emergence of simple cell-like receptive fields. There are, however, problems with this model. One problem is that the number of LGN neurons converging to a V1 cell in the model ...
Topographic Organization of Corticospinal Projections from the
... body. A large part of the body map was located in cytoarchitectonic area 4. However, the representation of axial body musculature was located in the caudal part of area 6. In fact, it was principally the presence of axial representation in caudal area 6 and the lack of skeletomotor effects following ...
... body. A large part of the body map was located in cytoarchitectonic area 4. However, the representation of axial body musculature was located in the caudal part of area 6. In fact, it was principally the presence of axial representation in caudal area 6 and the lack of skeletomotor effects following ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... Rakic, 1980, 1990; Luskin and Shatz, 1985a,b) and achieve a high degree of phenotypic maturity during fetal and neonatal development (for review, see Shatz et al., 1988, 1991). Many of them receive synapses (Chun and Shatz, 1988a; Herrmann et al., 1991) and can be synaptically driven by white matter ...
... Rakic, 1980, 1990; Luskin and Shatz, 1985a,b) and achieve a high degree of phenotypic maturity during fetal and neonatal development (for review, see Shatz et al., 1988, 1991). Many of them receive synapses (Chun and Shatz, 1988a; Herrmann et al., 1991) and can be synaptically driven by white matter ...
Virtual dissection and comparative connectivity of the superior
... Many of the behavioral capacities that distinguish humans from other primates rely on fronto-parietal circuits. The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is the primary white matter tract connecting lateral frontal with lateral parietal regions; it is distinct from the arcuate fasciculus, which int ...
... Many of the behavioral capacities that distinguish humans from other primates rely on fronto-parietal circuits. The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is the primary white matter tract connecting lateral frontal with lateral parietal regions; it is distinct from the arcuate fasciculus, which int ...
Weak orientation and direction selectivity in lateral geniculate
... gray squirrels of either sex weighting 475–700 g were prepared for single-unit recording using the methods described in Van Hooser et al. (2003) and Heimel et al. (2005). In brief, animals were initially anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and acepromazine maleate (90 mg/ml ketamine, 0.91 mg/ml ...
... gray squirrels of either sex weighting 475–700 g were prepared for single-unit recording using the methods described in Van Hooser et al. (2003) and Heimel et al. (2005). In brief, animals were initially anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and acepromazine maleate (90 mg/ml ketamine, 0.91 mg/ml ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... are not the cingulate cortex, this label suggests that most studies include, or focus on, tissue that is either transitional or ambiguous. The neuroanatomical literature is divided as to the nature of this well-studied piece of cortex. Petrides & Pandya (1994) claim that the cytoarchitectonic featur ...
... are not the cingulate cortex, this label suggests that most studies include, or focus on, tissue that is either transitional or ambiguous. The neuroanatomical literature is divided as to the nature of this well-studied piece of cortex. Petrides & Pandya (1994) claim that the cytoarchitectonic featur ...
Orientation topography of layer 4 lateral networks revealed by
... focused exclusively on layer 2/3. Because different cortical layers are composed of different neuron types, the question arises whether the layer 2/3 ®ndings could also be applied to deeper laminae. In the present study, we focused our interest on layer 4 connections. Electrophysiological studies sh ...
... focused exclusively on layer 2/3. Because different cortical layers are composed of different neuron types, the question arises whether the layer 2/3 ®ndings could also be applied to deeper laminae. In the present study, we focused our interest on layer 4 connections. Electrophysiological studies sh ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... A Fourier analysis was used to identify voxels activated by the tasks (Bandettini et al. 1993; Engel et al. 1997). For each voxel, the amplitude and phase—the temporal delay relative to the stimulus onset— of the harmonic at the stimulus frequency was determined by a Fourier transform of the mean ti ...
... A Fourier analysis was used to identify voxels activated by the tasks (Bandettini et al. 1993; Engel et al. 1997). For each voxel, the amplitude and phase—the temporal delay relative to the stimulus onset— of the harmonic at the stimulus frequency was determined by a Fourier transform of the mean ti ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... initiator. In contrast, undisturbed chronic hypothalamic animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endo ...
... initiator. In contrast, undisturbed chronic hypothalamic animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endo ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... initiator. In contrast, undisturbed chronic hypothalamic animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endo ...
... initiator. In contrast, undisturbed chronic hypothalamic animals do present spontaneous locomotor behavior, which by definition is not influenced or directed by cognitive inputs from the telencephalon because it has been removed or disconnected [88]. In the sense of providing a certain level of endo ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... of coordination with the other two neurons during one or more of the three stimuli (airjet 1 or airjet 2 or combined airjet stimulation), but not necessarily in response to the same stimulus. After applying these criteria to our sample of 360 neuronal trios, we identified 26 trios that showed signif ...
... of coordination with the other two neurons during one or more of the three stimuli (airjet 1 or airjet 2 or combined airjet stimulation), but not necessarily in response to the same stimulus. After applying these criteria to our sample of 360 neuronal trios, we identified 26 trios that showed signif ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... tetrodotoxin (TTX), during the period in which ocular dominance columns normally develop. In such animals, neural activity was dramatically reduced in LGN and visual cortex, and geniculocortical afferents did not form ocular dominance patches; they remained instead in their infantile state of comple ...
... tetrodotoxin (TTX), during the period in which ocular dominance columns normally develop. In such animals, neural activity was dramatically reduced in LGN and visual cortex, and geniculocortical afferents did not form ocular dominance patches; they remained instead in their infantile state of comple ...
Levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate
... Introduction Accumulations of organelles and of various proteins in axons and in cell body of neurons are observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases [11]. A disruption of axoplasmic transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of ...
... Introduction Accumulations of organelles and of various proteins in axons and in cell body of neurons are observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases [11]. A disruption of axoplasmic transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of ...
The industrial melanism mutation in British peppered moths is a
... locus has been coarsely localized to a 200-kilobase region, but the specific identity and nature of the sequence difference controlling the carbonaria–typica polymorphism, and the gene it influences, are unknown2. Here we show that the mutation event giving rise to industrial melanism in Britain was ...
... locus has been coarsely localized to a 200-kilobase region, but the specific identity and nature of the sequence difference controlling the carbonaria–typica polymorphism, and the gene it influences, are unknown2. Here we show that the mutation event giving rise to industrial melanism in Britain was ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG artifact were rejected. The occasional influence of a respiration artifac ...
... running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG artifact were rejected. The occasional influence of a respiration artifac ...
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... response. The frequency at which this threshold response occurred was defined as the characteristic frequency (CF). For 10, 20, 30, and 40 dB above threshold, the lowest and highest tone frequencies that elicited a reliable response and were contiguous with the rest of the frequencies within the ban ...
... response. The frequency at which this threshold response occurred was defined as the characteristic frequency (CF). For 10, 20, 30, and 40 dB above threshold, the lowest and highest tone frequencies that elicited a reliable response and were contiguous with the rest of the frequencies within the ban ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by distinct behavioral responses in these two cases, it seems likely from that there are at least two distinct associative mechanisms in the brain, one based ...
... instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by distinct behavioral responses in these two cases, it seems likely from that there are at least two distinct associative mechanisms in the brain, one based ...
Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate
... NMDA receptors are thought to coexist postsynaptically with other types of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors (Foster and Fagg, 1985). Together, both NMDA and non-NMDA type EAA receptors mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in the kitten striate cortex (Tsumoto et al., 1986). The ionic conduc ...
... NMDA receptors are thought to coexist postsynaptically with other types of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors (Foster and Fagg, 1985). Together, both NMDA and non-NMDA type EAA receptors mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in the kitten striate cortex (Tsumoto et al., 1986). The ionic conduc ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... participant. In a different study, participants performed a fourchoice reaction-time task by pressing buttons using either of two fingers on either of their left and right hands. Errors could be committed with the wrong hand, the wrong finger, or both the wrong hand and the wrong finger. It was foun ...
... participant. In a different study, participants performed a fourchoice reaction-time task by pressing buttons using either of two fingers on either of their left and right hands. Errors could be committed with the wrong hand, the wrong finger, or both the wrong hand and the wrong finger. It was foun ...
Full Text - Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard
... projection neurons, often located in distinct subdivisions of the canonical cortical laminae. ...
... projection neurons, often located in distinct subdivisions of the canonical cortical laminae. ...
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the
... clear frequency gradients are placed at the center as the core and are surrounded by the belt region, considered the higherorder region, including the secondary auditory field (AII), the ultrasonic field (UF), and the dorsoposterior field (DP) (Stiebler et al. 1997). The AAF and AI have frequencyorg ...
... clear frequency gradients are placed at the center as the core and are surrounded by the belt region, considered the higherorder region, including the secondary auditory field (AII), the ultrasonic field (UF), and the dorsoposterior field (DP) (Stiebler et al. 1997). The AAF and AI have frequencyorg ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is prominent in neural progenitors (Thomaidou et al., 1997) and appears to play an important role in the development of the cerebral cortex as manipulation of this process can greatly alter cortical size (Haydar et al., 1999; Rakic, 2005). Loss of progenitor apop ...
... Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is prominent in neural progenitors (Thomaidou et al., 1997) and appears to play an important role in the development of the cerebral cortex as manipulation of this process can greatly alter cortical size (Haydar et al., 1999; Rakic, 2005). Loss of progenitor apop ...
Paper
... the white matter of the parietal operculum overlying the lateral sulcus, as shown in Figure 1. This is not observed in marmosets, but is present in macaques (Baizer, 2014) and humans, though the functional significance and cortical connectivity of this region remain poorly characterized. Definition ...
... the white matter of the parietal operculum overlying the lateral sulcus, as shown in Figure 1. This is not observed in marmosets, but is present in macaques (Baizer, 2014) and humans, though the functional significance and cortical connectivity of this region remain poorly characterized. Definition ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.