the human entorhinal cortex
... morphologically interneurons. Although calretinin and calbindin were localized in non-pyramidal cells, they also labeled some pyramidal-like neurons. The high density of non-pyramidal neurons containing these calciumbinding proteins in layers II and III suggests they form a critical network that con ...
... morphologically interneurons. Although calretinin and calbindin were localized in non-pyramidal cells, they also labeled some pyramidal-like neurons. The high density of non-pyramidal neurons containing these calciumbinding proteins in layers II and III suggests they form a critical network that con ...
Cerebral cortical hypoplasia with abnormal morphology of pyramidal
... Axial CT images of the brain of grt/grt (left) and grt/+ (right) mouse. While the brain was slightly smaller in grt/grt than in grt/+, the structural organization and histoarchitecure of cerebrum were sustained in grt/grt. The range of Hounsfield units used in CT images is shown enclosed by a red fr ...
... Axial CT images of the brain of grt/grt (left) and grt/+ (right) mouse. While the brain was slightly smaller in grt/grt than in grt/+, the structural organization and histoarchitecure of cerebrum were sustained in grt/grt. The range of Hounsfield units used in CT images is shown enclosed by a red fr ...
Corina Wirth and Hans
... Excitatory thalamic input induces a rapid and strong feedforward inhibition, limiting spread of excitation both spatially and temporally. Some inhibitory L4 interneurons are excited directly by the thalamocortical afferents (Bruno and Simons 2002; Galarreta and Hestrin 2002; Porter et al. 2001; Stai ...
... Excitatory thalamic input induces a rapid and strong feedforward inhibition, limiting spread of excitation both spatially and temporally. Some inhibitory L4 interneurons are excited directly by the thalamocortical afferents (Bruno and Simons 2002; Galarreta and Hestrin 2002; Porter et al. 2001; Stai ...
Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour
... plasticity in the adult brain after stroke. First, a surprising amount of diffuse and redundant connectivity exists in the CNS and, second, new structural and functional circuits can form through remapping between related cortical regions (FIG. 3). If there’s a wire there’s a way: diffuse connectivi ...
... plasticity in the adult brain after stroke. First, a surprising amount of diffuse and redundant connectivity exists in the CNS and, second, new structural and functional circuits can form through remapping between related cortical regions (FIG. 3). If there’s a wire there’s a way: diffuse connectivi ...
Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... In the auditory cortex of waking mice, we find that the influences of earlier sounds on responses to subsequent sounds (called forward suppression) are shaped by cortical synaptic inhibition, and that Sst+ and Pvalb+ interneurons support separate aspects of this adaptive process. Optogenetic inactiv ...
... In the auditory cortex of waking mice, we find that the influences of earlier sounds on responses to subsequent sounds (called forward suppression) are shaped by cortical synaptic inhibition, and that Sst+ and Pvalb+ interneurons support separate aspects of this adaptive process. Optogenetic inactiv ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of the internal capsule and extend into its continuation, the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serve ...
... termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of the internal capsule and extend into its continuation, the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serve ...
PDF
... recovery will receive increasing attention.1 This study focuses on GSK249320, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the axon outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Brain levels of MAG spontaneously increase after a stroke.2 The putative mechanism of action for this MAG anti ...
... recovery will receive increasing attention.1 This study focuses on GSK249320, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the axon outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Brain levels of MAG spontaneously increase after a stroke.2 The putative mechanism of action for this MAG anti ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... To observe the numbers and eventual E12, E15, and E18 pregnant females of WT, Q31L,⫹and L100P mutants. Mice were killed at P21 for BrdU and NeuN immunostaining. location of neurons born at different Scale bar, 250 m. B, The total number of BrdU cells was significantly lower in both E12 and E15 BrdU ...
... To observe the numbers and eventual E12, E15, and E18 pregnant females of WT, Q31L,⫹and L100P mutants. Mice were killed at P21 for BrdU and NeuN immunostaining. location of neurons born at different Scale bar, 250 m. B, The total number of BrdU cells was significantly lower in both E12 and E15 BrdU ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... Human cognition is characterized by flexibility, the ability to select not only which action but which cognitive process to engage to best achieve the current behavioral objective. The ability to tailor information processing in the brain to rules, goals, or context is typically referred to as execu ...
... Human cognition is characterized by flexibility, the ability to select not only which action but which cognitive process to engage to best achieve the current behavioral objective. The ability to tailor information processing in the brain to rules, goals, or context is typically referred to as execu ...
Visual Stimulation Regulates the Expression of Transcription Factors
... after dark rearingfor all of the conditionsshownin Figure IB. We have conductedthe sameset of controls on tissuefrom animals that were dark-reared only and have obtained identical results. Taken together, these findings attest to the specificity of the EMSA results and allow confident evaluation of ...
... after dark rearingfor all of the conditionsshownin Figure IB. We have conductedthe sameset of controls on tissuefrom animals that were dark-reared only and have obtained identical results. Taken together, these findings attest to the specificity of the EMSA results and allow confident evaluation of ...
Magnitude of the Object Recognition Deficit
... Histology. All animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (1 mg/kg) and perfused intracardially with a 0.9% saline solution, followed by a 5% formal saline solution. Their brains were removed and postfixed in a 5% formal saline solution; prior to cutting, they were transferred to a 25% sucr ...
... Histology. All animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (1 mg/kg) and perfused intracardially with a 0.9% saline solution, followed by a 5% formal saline solution. Their brains were removed and postfixed in a 5% formal saline solution; prior to cutting, they were transferred to a 25% sucr ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... an ‘unrolled’ olfactory bulb might organize olfactory information (i.e. inputs to single glomeruli) into a two-dimensional map that represents features of olfactory space. The unusual anatomy of the olfactory bulb therefore potentially reconciles the idea that olfactory space is discrete (via molecu ...
... an ‘unrolled’ olfactory bulb might organize olfactory information (i.e. inputs to single glomeruli) into a two-dimensional map that represents features of olfactory space. The unusual anatomy of the olfactory bulb therefore potentially reconciles the idea that olfactory space is discrete (via molecu ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... hippocampus, piriform cortex, neocortex and thalamus (Krnjevic and Phillis, 1963; Krjnevic et al., 1971; see review in Hasselmo, 1995). Here the review will focus on data regarding cholinergic modulation in the hippocampus and piriform cortex, but data from the neocortex suggests similar principles ...
... hippocampus, piriform cortex, neocortex and thalamus (Krnjevic and Phillis, 1963; Krjnevic et al., 1971; see review in Hasselmo, 1995). Here the review will focus on data regarding cholinergic modulation in the hippocampus and piriform cortex, but data from the neocortex suggests similar principles ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
CELL MIGRATION IN THE FOREBRAIN
... are one exception to this principle), where it is anchored to the basal membrane (Gadisseux et al. 1989, Kölliker 1890, Magini 1888, Ramón y Cajal 1911, Retzius 1892, Schmechel & Rakic 1979). After neuronal production ceases, radial glial cells retract their ventricular and pial attachments and di ...
... are one exception to this principle), where it is anchored to the basal membrane (Gadisseux et al. 1989, Kölliker 1890, Magini 1888, Ramón y Cajal 1911, Retzius 1892, Schmechel & Rakic 1979). After neuronal production ceases, radial glial cells retract their ventricular and pial attachments and di ...
A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness
... axons back to the thalamus, roughly to the same region where they receive afferents [18]. The TRN provides a major inhibitory input to thalamic relay nuclei [19]. The inhibitory TRN cells are densely innervated by collaterals from thalamocortical and corticothalamic neurons, both of which generate s ...
... axons back to the thalamus, roughly to the same region where they receive afferents [18]. The TRN provides a major inhibitory input to thalamic relay nuclei [19]. The inhibitory TRN cells are densely innervated by collaterals from thalamocortical and corticothalamic neurons, both of which generate s ...
Complete Pattern of Ocular Dominance Columns in Human Primary
... high-frequency components. A binary map of the ocular dominance columns was produced by applying a density threshold to the image at the modal gray value. To measure the column areas, the binary map was placed on a gray background. The number of black and of white pixels (each measuring 42 ⫻ 42 m) ...
... high-frequency components. A binary map of the ocular dominance columns was produced by applying a density threshold to the image at the modal gray value. To measure the column areas, the binary map was placed on a gray background. The number of black and of white pixels (each measuring 42 ⫻ 42 m) ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... these homologies is a complex and difficult task due to the enormous expansion of prefrontal cortex through evolution. Nonetheless, there is reasonable agreement about which cortical areas can be considered homologous. However, cortical labeling in humans and monkeys can differ. Particularly relevan ...
... these homologies is a complex and difficult task due to the enormous expansion of prefrontal cortex through evolution. Nonetheless, there is reasonable agreement about which cortical areas can be considered homologous. However, cortical labeling in humans and monkeys can differ. Particularly relevan ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... channel contributions in the extrastriate cortex. For example, physiological studies have shown that some intermixing occurs as early as the striate cortex (Malpeli et al., 198 1). Anatomical connections between visual areas in the 2 different streams of processing also suggest that appreciable inte ...
... channel contributions in the extrastriate cortex. For example, physiological studies have shown that some intermixing occurs as early as the striate cortex (Malpeli et al., 198 1). Anatomical connections between visual areas in the 2 different streams of processing also suggest that appreciable inte ...
The cortical connections of area V6: an occipito
... Present results show that area V6 is reciprocally and retinotopically interconnected with the striate cortex as well as with several extrastriate areas of the `dorsal visual stream'. All together, these cortical areas represent an occipito-parietal network able to encode and elaborate visual informa ...
... Present results show that area V6 is reciprocally and retinotopically interconnected with the striate cortex as well as with several extrastriate areas of the `dorsal visual stream'. All together, these cortical areas represent an occipito-parietal network able to encode and elaborate visual informa ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... ities were mixed throughout the 90 trials (as the probability depended on whether a left or right choice was made, see Fig. 1a). The timing of the task is shown in Figure 1b. On each trial, the subject was shown a yellow cross at time zero and selected using a button box either a right or a left res ...
... ities were mixed throughout the 90 trials (as the probability depended on whether a left or right choice was made, see Fig. 1a). The timing of the task is shown in Figure 1b. On each trial, the subject was shown a yellow cross at time zero and selected using a button box either a right or a left res ...
THESIS D - Krishikosh
... and well wishes, I want to preserve a special love for my relatives and well wishers, which enable me to complete the entire research program successfully. I would always remember the invaluable help, active cooperation and constant inspiration of my wife Dr. Sanjivani and my lovely son Arjun who ma ...
... and well wishes, I want to preserve a special love for my relatives and well wishers, which enable me to complete the entire research program successfully. I would always remember the invaluable help, active cooperation and constant inspiration of my wife Dr. Sanjivani and my lovely son Arjun who ma ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. The axon of these cells does not leave the claust ...
... largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. The axon of these cells does not leave the claust ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.