Cartesian spatial coordinates Computing reaching dynamics in
... spatial variables such as straight paths and bell-shaped velocity profiles (Abend et al. 1982; Morasso 1981), so it is conceivable that the motor cortex employs spatial trajectory information directly. We show here that the EOMs for reaching based on the spatial positions of limbs in Cartesian coord ...
... spatial variables such as straight paths and bell-shaped velocity profiles (Abend et al. 1982; Morasso 1981), so it is conceivable that the motor cortex employs spatial trajectory information directly. We show here that the EOMs for reaching based on the spatial positions of limbs in Cartesian coord ...
Chunking of Action Sequences in the Cortex
... The motor commands are all issued through the motor cortex model. The difference between the four directional commands and the fifth command in our model can be seen by looking at how the commands are passed to the cortex model. The command is given as a control signal, telling the cortex model where ...
... The motor commands are all issued through the motor cortex model. The difference between the four directional commands and the fifth command in our model can be seen by looking at how the commands are passed to the cortex model. The command is given as a control signal, telling the cortex model where ...
judasMRT99
... In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., the developing layer I (Bravo et al., 1997; Derer and Derer, 1993; Iwase et al., 1998; Tomić et al., 1994; Van Eden et al., 1996); they were also not observed in the neocortex ...
... In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., the developing layer I (Bravo et al., 1997; Derer and Derer, 1993; Iwase et al., 1998; Tomić et al., 1994; Van Eden et al., 1996); they were also not observed in the neocortex ...
Acetylcholine Facilitates Recovery of Episodic Memory after Brain
... of cognitive processes, including episodic memory, which is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, in which there is a decrease in acetylcholine innervation (for review, see Bartus, 2000). However, systemic administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors produces only small acute improvements in memory ...
... of cognitive processes, including episodic memory, which is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, in which there is a decrease in acetylcholine innervation (for review, see Bartus, 2000). However, systemic administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors produces only small acute improvements in memory ...
pdf
... humans (19) and has been found to be associated with auditory attention (1, 20, 41) resulting in top-down modulation of auditory processing (25). This finding was further confirmed by electrophysiological data indicating that tinnitus might occur as the result of a dysfunction in the top-down inhibito ...
... humans (19) and has been found to be associated with auditory attention (1, 20, 41) resulting in top-down modulation of auditory processing (25). This finding was further confirmed by electrophysiological data indicating that tinnitus might occur as the result of a dysfunction in the top-down inhibito ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... Segraves and Goldberg, 1987; Schall, 1991 b; Dassonville et al., 1992; Segraves, 1992). A number of studies have investigated FEF connectivity (reviewed by Leichnetz and Goldberg, 1988). This study departs from previous work in several ways. First. two or three tracers were injected simultaneously i ...
... Segraves and Goldberg, 1987; Schall, 1991 b; Dassonville et al., 1992; Segraves, 1992). A number of studies have investigated FEF connectivity (reviewed by Leichnetz and Goldberg, 1988). This study departs from previous work in several ways. First. two or three tracers were injected simultaneously i ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... CORTICAL PLASTICITY A common feature of sensory cortical areas primarily devoted to touch, vision, and hearing is that they all represent their respective sensory epithelial surfaces in a topographic manner. In the somatosensory cortex, maps of the skin surface are somatotopic; that is, neighboring ...
... CORTICAL PLASTICITY A common feature of sensory cortical areas primarily devoted to touch, vision, and hearing is that they all represent their respective sensory epithelial surfaces in a topographic manner. In the somatosensory cortex, maps of the skin surface are somatotopic; that is, neighboring ...
Optical imaging combined with targeted electrical recordings
... fields and response properties are often clustered in columns running from the pia to the white matter (Mountcastle, 1957; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962, 1963, 1965, for review see Mountcastle, 1997). On the other hand, the tangential organization of the cortex is such that response properties undergo a gr ...
... fields and response properties are often clustered in columns running from the pia to the white matter (Mountcastle, 1957; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962, 1963, 1965, for review see Mountcastle, 1997). On the other hand, the tangential organization of the cortex is such that response properties undergo a gr ...
Task-dependent plasticity of spectrotemporal receptive fields in
... of a change in task requirements or acoustics, (3) measured in the awake, behaving animal. There is some evidence that plasticity in the auditory system may also occur subcortically, perhaps due to corticofugal projections, but we will not discuss this work since it has been reviewed recently (Suga ...
... of a change in task requirements or acoustics, (3) measured in the awake, behaving animal. There is some evidence that plasticity in the auditory system may also occur subcortically, perhaps due to corticofugal projections, but we will not discuss this work since it has been reviewed recently (Suga ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... an odor was associated in the reversal of an olfactory discrimination task. It was found that 68% of the sample of neurons analyzed altered the way in which they responded to odor when the taste reinforcement association of the odor was reversed (Rolls et al., 1996b). (Of the 68%, 25% showed reversa ...
... an odor was associated in the reversal of an olfactory discrimination task. It was found that 68% of the sample of neurons analyzed altered the way in which they responded to odor when the taste reinforcement association of the odor was reversed (Rolls et al., 1996b). (Of the 68%, 25% showed reversa ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al., 1994). Previous analyses of the distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the macaque monkey cingulate cortex have shown that parvalbuminimmunoreactive interneurons are codistributed with neurofilament protein-immunoreact ...
... association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al., 1994). Previous analyses of the distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the macaque monkey cingulate cortex have shown that parvalbuminimmunoreactive interneurons are codistributed with neurofilament protein-immunoreact ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... organization of pyramidal neurons in neocortex (Fig 1A) plays a key role in the processing of visual inputs, as indicated by layer and cell-type specificity of sensory responses [10–14]. The search for pyramidal neuron subtypes is particularly significant in the trilaminar allocortex [15], which con ...
... organization of pyramidal neurons in neocortex (Fig 1A) plays a key role in the processing of visual inputs, as indicated by layer and cell-type specificity of sensory responses [10–14]. The search for pyramidal neuron subtypes is particularly significant in the trilaminar allocortex [15], which con ...
Roles of Multiple Globus Pallidus Territories of Monkeys and
... transneuronal tract-tracing method using a neurotropic virus was determined to be the most suitable technique for this type of investigation, because these viruses selectively infect neurons and are then transported across synapses in a time-dependent manner (Ugolini et al., 1989; Zemanick et al., 1 ...
... transneuronal tract-tracing method using a neurotropic virus was determined to be the most suitable technique for this type of investigation, because these viruses selectively infect neurons and are then transported across synapses in a time-dependent manner (Ugolini et al., 1989; Zemanick et al., 1 ...
An Animal Model of Early-treated PKU
... dl; > 1200 PmolAiter), it rarely succeeds in bringing them down to normal (2 mg/dl). For this reason, even children treated early for PKU and maintained on diet have moderately elevated plasma levels of Phe (4-l 0 mg/dl). Children with mild hyperphenylalaninemia have comparable elevations in plasma ...
... dl; > 1200 PmolAiter), it rarely succeeds in bringing them down to normal (2 mg/dl). For this reason, even children treated early for PKU and maintained on diet have moderately elevated plasma levels of Phe (4-l 0 mg/dl). Children with mild hyperphenylalaninemia have comparable elevations in plasma ...
Organization of Visual Inputs to the Inferior Temporal and Posterior
... of the brain were examined for the presence of retrogradely labeled fluorescent cells. These sections were mounted directly from 0.45% saline as the brain was cut, dried at 37”C, and stored without coverslips in light-tight boxes placed in plastic bags at 4°C. Tissue preservation was aided by desicc ...
... of the brain were examined for the presence of retrogradely labeled fluorescent cells. These sections were mounted directly from 0.45% saline as the brain was cut, dried at 37”C, and stored without coverslips in light-tight boxes placed in plastic bags at 4°C. Tissue preservation was aided by desicc ...
Experimental Brain Research 221(1)
... Fig. 1b. Opportunities to record from individual neurons in humans are very limited, but current human neuroscience techniques provide an opportunity to identify homologies in regional specialization between the two species (Fig. 2b). In the subsequent sections, we delve into this topic in some deta ...
... Fig. 1b. Opportunities to record from individual neurons in humans are very limited, but current human neuroscience techniques provide an opportunity to identify homologies in regional specialization between the two species (Fig. 2b). In the subsequent sections, we delve into this topic in some deta ...
Early Microglial Activation Precedes Neuronal Loss in Mouse Model of Progressive
... To assess the extent of glial activation, adjacent 1-in-6 series of free-floating sections were immunostained, as described previously (17) for detection of astrocytic (rabbit antiYglial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], 1:5000; DAKO, Cambridge, UK) and microglial (rat anti-F4/80, 1:100; Serotec, Oxfo ...
... To assess the extent of glial activation, adjacent 1-in-6 series of free-floating sections were immunostained, as described previously (17) for detection of astrocytic (rabbit antiYglial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], 1:5000; DAKO, Cambridge, UK) and microglial (rat anti-F4/80, 1:100; Serotec, Oxfo ...
Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical
... along the entire anteroposterior axis (Fig. 3a–c), with no apparent spatial preference in any dimension. High-resolution multiphoton imaging reveals varicosities likely to be axonal boutons (Supplementary Fig. 4). The spatial distribution of these varicosities is similar in every field imaged and is ...
... along the entire anteroposterior axis (Fig. 3a–c), with no apparent spatial preference in any dimension. High-resolution multiphoton imaging reveals varicosities likely to be axonal boutons (Supplementary Fig. 4). The spatial distribution of these varicosities is similar in every field imaged and is ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... brachium toward the optic nerve (yellow line Fig. 2a). This prevented the connections reaching a region anterior to the thalamus containing a number of other white matter tracts where probabilistic tractography is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a ...
... brachium toward the optic nerve (yellow line Fig. 2a). This prevented the connections reaching a region anterior to the thalamus containing a number of other white matter tracts where probabilistic tractography is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... Barbas, 1988). On the other hand, lateral prefrontal areas, such as area 10, have a role in cognitive tasks, including extracting relevant auditory signals from noise and in specialized working memory tasks (e.g. Chao and Knight, 1997, 1998; Koechlin et al., 1999). The termination in auditory associ ...
... Barbas, 1988). On the other hand, lateral prefrontal areas, such as area 10, have a role in cognitive tasks, including extracting relevant auditory signals from noise and in specialized working memory tasks (e.g. Chao and Knight, 1997, 1998; Koechlin et al., 1999). The termination in auditory associ ...
the evolution of body and brain, and of sensory
... langur 20 kg, the chacma baboon 30 kg, and the olive baboon and mandrill 37 kg (Burnie and Wilson, 2001). New World monkeys are generally smaller but the Central American spider monkey may weigh up to 9 kg, and the wooly spider monkey, 12 kg. There are some advantages to small size in arboreal anima ...
... langur 20 kg, the chacma baboon 30 kg, and the olive baboon and mandrill 37 kg (Burnie and Wilson, 2001). New World monkeys are generally smaller but the Central American spider monkey may weigh up to 9 kg, and the wooly spider monkey, 12 kg. There are some advantages to small size in arboreal anima ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... Initial postmortem studies of AI in schizophrenia are convergent with the functional and electrophysiologic data. Thus, in deep layer 3 of AI, we observed reductions in mean pyramidal neuron somal volume (Sweet et al., 2004) and in the density of axon boutons (Sweet et al., 2007). More recently we h ...
... Initial postmortem studies of AI in schizophrenia are convergent with the functional and electrophysiologic data. Thus, in deep layer 3 of AI, we observed reductions in mean pyramidal neuron somal volume (Sweet et al., 2004) and in the density of axon boutons (Sweet et al., 2007). More recently we h ...
Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition,
... stimulus in a behavioral task (e.g., [35,62,180]). Nevertheless, there are also differences in the neuronal responses in the FEF and the intraparietal visuomotor areas. One difference is that enhancement of a visual response in the intraparietal visuomotor cortex is not necessarily dependent on an o ...
... stimulus in a behavioral task (e.g., [35,62,180]). Nevertheless, there are also differences in the neuronal responses in the FEF and the intraparietal visuomotor areas. One difference is that enhancement of a visual response in the intraparietal visuomotor cortex is not necessarily dependent on an o ...
Dopamine`s Actions in Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... from DA “salience cells” that respond to aversive as well as rewarding stimuli. dlPFC Delay cells generate persistent representations of visual spatial position across the delay epoch and are thought to be concentrated in deep layer III (and possibly superficial layer V), whereas Response-related ce ...
... from DA “salience cells” that respond to aversive as well as rewarding stimuli. dlPFC Delay cells generate persistent representations of visual spatial position across the delay epoch and are thought to be concentrated in deep layer III (and possibly superficial layer V), whereas Response-related ce ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
... These cerebellar changes are surprising given that unlike the primary motor and sensory cortices, which have direct connections with the injured region, that is, the spinal cord; the bulk of superior cerebellar cortex connections are with the brainstem and cerebral cortex. This indicates that second ...
... These cerebellar changes are surprising given that unlike the primary motor and sensory cortices, which have direct connections with the injured region, that is, the spinal cord; the bulk of superior cerebellar cortex connections are with the brainstem and cerebral cortex. This indicates that second ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.