The Inferior Parietal Lobule Is the Target of Output from the Superior
... labeled second-order neurons primarily in the superficial (visual) layers of the superior colliculus. Injections of HSV1 into a portion of area 7a labeled many second-order neurons in the ...
... labeled second-order neurons primarily in the superficial (visual) layers of the superior colliculus. Injections of HSV1 into a portion of area 7a labeled many second-order neurons in the ...
neural circuitry approaches to understanding the pathophysiology
... adolescence in both monkeys and humans (31,32). In addition, substantial changes occur in markers of excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory inputs to pyramidal neurons in deep layer 3 of primate dPFC. The apparent laminar specificity of at least some of these changes raises the possibility that circ ...
... adolescence in both monkeys and humans (31,32). In addition, substantial changes occur in markers of excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory inputs to pyramidal neurons in deep layer 3 of primate dPFC. The apparent laminar specificity of at least some of these changes raises the possibility that circ ...
Cerebellar Loops with Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex of a
... Cerebellar interconnections with the cerebral cortex were traditionally viewed as a massive open-loop system. At the input stage of this system, information from diverse cortical areas including motor, premotor, posterior parietal, cingulate, and prefrontal cortex is transmitted to the cerebellar co ...
... Cerebellar interconnections with the cerebral cortex were traditionally viewed as a massive open-loop system. At the input stage of this system, information from diverse cortical areas including motor, premotor, posterior parietal, cingulate, and prefrontal cortex is transmitted to the cerebellar co ...
Chapter 14:The Brain and Cranial Nerves
... – Forms surface layer (cortex) over cerebrum and cerebellum – Forms nuclei deep within brain ...
... – Forms surface layer (cortex) over cerebrum and cerebellum – Forms nuclei deep within brain ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
The affective and cognitive processing of touch, oral texture, and
... stimuli as pleasant and painful touch, and warm (pleasant) and cold (unpleasant) thermal stimuli, provides strong support for this principle (Rolls, 2005; Grabenhorst et al., 2007; Grabenhorst and Rolls, 2008; Rolls et al., 2008c). An implication of the principle is that by having a system specializ ...
... stimuli as pleasant and painful touch, and warm (pleasant) and cold (unpleasant) thermal stimuli, provides strong support for this principle (Rolls, 2005; Grabenhorst et al., 2007; Grabenhorst and Rolls, 2008; Rolls et al., 2008c). An implication of the principle is that by having a system specializ ...
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute
... something about the capability of the neocortex to process and to respond to this specific sensory input. The problem with this approach is that sub-cortical structures typically contain much more quantifiable stimulus information than the cerebral cortex. The conclusion from this has been that neocor ...
... something about the capability of the neocortex to process and to respond to this specific sensory input. The problem with this approach is that sub-cortical structures typically contain much more quantifiable stimulus information than the cerebral cortex. The conclusion from this has been that neocor ...
The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
... behaviors, are reflected in the organization, physiology, and connections between areas of frontal cortex and in their projections through basal ganglia circuits. This comprises a series of parallel pathways. However, this model does not address how information flows between circuits thereby develop ...
... behaviors, are reflected in the organization, physiology, and connections between areas of frontal cortex and in their projections through basal ganglia circuits. This comprises a series of parallel pathways. However, this model does not address how information flows between circuits thereby develop ...
Listening to Narrative Speech after Aphasic
... Eleven normal subjects (nine males, aged 37--76 years) and 24 patients (18 males, aged 32--85 years) were studied. All were right-handed and had English as their first language. Each gave informed consent to participate in the study. The local ethics committee approved the project. Permission to admi ...
... Eleven normal subjects (nine males, aged 37--76 years) and 24 patients (18 males, aged 32--85 years) were studied. All were right-handed and had English as their first language. Each gave informed consent to participate in the study. The local ethics committee approved the project. Permission to admi ...
Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning
... distinctions were by no means clear-cut [4]. Furthermore, an ever-increasing number of brain-imaging studies show that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are involved in non-motor tasks, such as mental imagery [5,6], sensory processing [7–9], planning [10,11•,12], attention [13], and language [14– ...
... distinctions were by no means clear-cut [4]. Furthermore, an ever-increasing number of brain-imaging studies show that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are involved in non-motor tasks, such as mental imagery [5,6], sensory processing [7–9], planning [10,11•,12], attention [13], and language [14– ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... varies according to the source and layer of the mapping signal. Our findings further bridge the gap between in vivo and in vitro approaches for the detailed cellular study of auditory thalamocortical circuit organization and plasticity in the genetically tractable mouse model. ...
... varies according to the source and layer of the mapping signal. Our findings further bridge the gap between in vivo and in vitro approaches for the detailed cellular study of auditory thalamocortical circuit organization and plasticity in the genetically tractable mouse model. ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... intermediate zone in these segments. This system was originally proposed to support accurate reaching in the cat, but is thought to be more important for grasping in the primate (Isa et al. 2007). It is also thought to mediate the recovery of grasp after spinal lesions at the mid-cervical (C5) level ...
... intermediate zone in these segments. This system was originally proposed to support accurate reaching in the cat, but is thought to be more important for grasping in the primate (Isa et al. 2007). It is also thought to mediate the recovery of grasp after spinal lesions at the mid-cervical (C5) level ...
Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal
... level rather than at the level of movement execution (Andersen and Buneo, 2002). One example indicative of this more cognitive level is that the goals for visually guided reach movements are encoded predominantly in visual coordinates rather than muscle coordinates in the parietal reach region (PRR) ...
... level rather than at the level of movement execution (Andersen and Buneo, 2002). One example indicative of this more cognitive level is that the goals for visually guided reach movements are encoded predominantly in visual coordinates rather than muscle coordinates in the parietal reach region (PRR) ...
Temporal and Spatial Integration in the Rat SI Vibrissa Cortex
... through the vibrissal field. Such processing of information appears to depend in part on intracortical mechanisms. INTRODUCTION ...
... through the vibrissal field. Such processing of information appears to depend in part on intracortical mechanisms. INTRODUCTION ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
... area 8, being separated from it by a cortical region that Brodmann (1909) included as part of area 9 (figure 2a,b). It is important to note that both Walker (1940) and subsequent investigators of the monkey prefrontal cortex (e.g. Barbas & Pandya 1989; Preuss & Goldman-Rakic 1991) noted that the reg ...
... area 8, being separated from it by a cortical region that Brodmann (1909) included as part of area 9 (figure 2a,b). It is important to note that both Walker (1940) and subsequent investigators of the monkey prefrontal cortex (e.g. Barbas & Pandya 1989; Preuss & Goldman-Rakic 1991) noted that the reg ...
The role of temporal parameters in a thalamocortical model of analogy
... Active parts of the circuit at each step are highlighted. (a) Initially, only T receives an afferent sensory input. (b) T invokes R and C . (c) The cortical neuron C , through fast connections, invokes another cortical neuron C . C also sends out feedback to R and T , but these connections are slow ...
... Active parts of the circuit at each step are highlighted. (a) Initially, only T receives an afferent sensory input. (b) T invokes R and C . (c) The cortical neuron C , through fast connections, invokes another cortical neuron C . C also sends out feedback to R and T , but these connections are slow ...
Document
... content. (Sensory driven reflexes have only limited control by the MIND). The willful intent of MIND initiates self-serving motor control for survival and reproduction. MIND initiated voluntary actions operate through programmed basal ganglial control in passage through the ventral lateral (VL) and ...
... content. (Sensory driven reflexes have only limited control by the MIND). The willful intent of MIND initiates self-serving motor control for survival and reproduction. MIND initiated voluntary actions operate through programmed basal ganglial control in passage through the ventral lateral (VL) and ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... with the lateral nucleus, although minor reciprocal connections with the accessory basal nucleus have also been described [6**]. Taken together, these neuroanatomical data suggest that the perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is a zone of convergence from both higher order sensory association ...
... with the lateral nucleus, although minor reciprocal connections with the accessory basal nucleus have also been described [6**]. Taken together, these neuroanatomical data suggest that the perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is a zone of convergence from both higher order sensory association ...
PII: S0006-8993(97) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... wheat germ agglutinin or cholera toxin subunit B revealed aberrant expansions of gracile projections into the cuneate and, in one case, external cuneate nucleus within three months of the deafferentation. It seems plausible that such modest sprouting of ascending projections at the level of the brai ...
... wheat germ agglutinin or cholera toxin subunit B revealed aberrant expansions of gracile projections into the cuneate and, in one case, external cuneate nucleus within three months of the deafferentation. It seems plausible that such modest sprouting of ascending projections at the level of the brai ...
Abnormal gray matter aging in chronic pain patients
... −0.54, m = − 0.022 mm/year), whereas controls had agerelated cortical thickening (r = 0.76, m = 0.033 mm/year). In another region, the PMC, controls had age-related cortical thinning (r = −0.87, m = − 0.035 mm/year), whereas patients did not have normal atrophy, but rather had a very modest agerelat ...
... −0.54, m = − 0.022 mm/year), whereas controls had agerelated cortical thickening (r = 0.76, m = 0.033 mm/year). In another region, the PMC, controls had age-related cortical thinning (r = −0.87, m = − 0.035 mm/year), whereas patients did not have normal atrophy, but rather had a very modest agerelat ...
The thalamus as a monitor of motor outputs
... concerned with perceptual processing (only one is shown here) to motor cortical areas for output to lower motor centres. (b) This shows the view of the connections represented here (the current view), which involves extensive branches from the sensory inputs directly to motor outputs and also includ ...
... concerned with perceptual processing (only one is shown here) to motor cortical areas for output to lower motor centres. (b) This shows the view of the connections represented here (the current view), which involves extensive branches from the sensory inputs directly to motor outputs and also includ ...
Mechanisms for Sensing Fat in Food in the Mouth
... the brain, and the information reaches the orbitofrontal cortex (which is secondary taste cortex) via the primary taste cortex in the insula (Verhagen and others 2004; Rolls 2011b). Figure 1 shows an example of a fat-responsive neuron in the orbitofrontal cortex where the evoked neuronal firing rate ...
... the brain, and the information reaches the orbitofrontal cortex (which is secondary taste cortex) via the primary taste cortex in the insula (Verhagen and others 2004; Rolls 2011b). Figure 1 shows an example of a fat-responsive neuron in the orbitofrontal cortex where the evoked neuronal firing rate ...
CHAPTER 12: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MODULE 12.1
... Commissural fibers – connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure Projection fibers – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and ...
... Commissural fibers – connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure Projection fibers – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.