Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... detected. There was, however, marked regional variations in the extent of this loss in different cortical areas. Cortical areas within the temporal lobe, particularly the temporal association areas, displayed a dramatic loss of cholinergic fibers. By contrast the anterior cingulate cortex, primary v ...
... detected. There was, however, marked regional variations in the extent of this loss in different cortical areas. Cortical areas within the temporal lobe, particularly the temporal association areas, displayed a dramatic loss of cholinergic fibers. By contrast the anterior cingulate cortex, primary v ...
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... memory tasks can be enhanced by a shift in network function between an encoding phase and a retrieval phase within each cycle of the theta rhythm [39], as shown in Figure 2. During the encoding phase, strong entorhinal input ensures accurate storage of new memories, whereas the reduction of CA3 inpu ...
... memory tasks can be enhanced by a shift in network function between an encoding phase and a retrieval phase within each cycle of the theta rhythm [39], as shown in Figure 2. During the encoding phase, strong entorhinal input ensures accurate storage of new memories, whereas the reduction of CA3 inpu ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
Human Cortical Responses to Water in the Mouth, and the Effects of
... the fluid in the oral cavity, then 11 s after the delivery of the stimulus, swallowing was cued by a visual stimulus (following initial instruction and training). The swallowing period was 3 s long, followed by three rating periods over a period of 21 s. In the first rating period the pleasantness o ...
... the fluid in the oral cavity, then 11 s after the delivery of the stimulus, swallowing was cued by a visual stimulus (following initial instruction and training). The swallowing period was 3 s long, followed by three rating periods over a period of 21 s. In the first rating period the pleasantness o ...
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in
... Neurons were distinguished from glial and endothelial cells using the criteria described by Heumann and Leuba (1983) (see Fig. 1). Quantification of proportions and radial distributions of different categories of labeled neurons. Numbers of neurons showing heav y (FG neurons, .50% maximum labeling) ...
... Neurons were distinguished from glial and endothelial cells using the criteria described by Heumann and Leuba (1983) (see Fig. 1). Quantification of proportions and radial distributions of different categories of labeled neurons. Numbers of neurons showing heav y (FG neurons, .50% maximum labeling) ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... characteristics of stained neurons and information about their connections. It appears that GABAergic interneurons and terminals are present in all layers of the striate cortex. They form a heterogeneous population with regard to size and synaptic input. Besides a powerful asymmetric, presumably exc ...
... characteristics of stained neurons and information about their connections. It appears that GABAergic interneurons and terminals are present in all layers of the striate cortex. They form a heterogeneous population with regard to size and synaptic input. Besides a powerful asymmetric, presumably exc ...
Brain Research, 178 (1979) 363-380 363 © Elsevier/North
... Fourteen of the animals were studied with multi-unit electrodes. These varnishcoated tungsten microelectrodes had exposed tips of 20-35 #M and typically recorded a small number of dictinct action potentials and an unresolved background. We refer to this activity as 'multi-unit activity' (see Figs. 2 ...
... Fourteen of the animals were studied with multi-unit electrodes. These varnishcoated tungsten microelectrodes had exposed tips of 20-35 #M and typically recorded a small number of dictinct action potentials and an unresolved background. We refer to this activity as 'multi-unit activity' (see Figs. 2 ...
Location and connectivity determine GABAergic interneuron survival in the brains... South Hampshire sheep with CLN6 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
... interneuron populations from 12 days to mature disease revealed a distinctive pattern of change for each calcium binding protein. Loss of neurons positive to parvalbumin from the affected cortex became apparent at four months of age and had become profound by 19 months. The extent of loss varied mar ...
... interneuron populations from 12 days to mature disease revealed a distinctive pattern of change for each calcium binding protein. Loss of neurons positive to parvalbumin from the affected cortex became apparent at four months of age and had become profound by 19 months. The extent of loss varied mar ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... Figure 2 Flat maps showing the spatial relationship between somatosensory, visual, auditory, and motor areas of the cerebral cortex in macaques (a and c) and humans (b and d). The surface is colored to delineate the different cortical lobes. Shaded regions on the flat map indicate cortex buried with ...
... Figure 2 Flat maps showing the spatial relationship between somatosensory, visual, auditory, and motor areas of the cerebral cortex in macaques (a and c) and humans (b and d). The surface is colored to delineate the different cortical lobes. Shaded regions on the flat map indicate cortex buried with ...
Comparing the Functional Representations of Central and Border
... Lesioning and CO histochemistr y. After imaging, the cortex was lesioned (10 A, 10 sec) and then processed for C O histochemistry. The outer limits of the imaged area were marked on an image of the vasculature taken at the beginning of each experiment, and lesions were made in layer IV at these loc ...
... Lesioning and CO histochemistr y. After imaging, the cortex was lesioned (10 A, 10 sec) and then processed for C O histochemistry. The outer limits of the imaged area were marked on an image of the vasculature taken at the beginning of each experiment, and lesions were made in layer IV at these loc ...
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... The mammalian cortex is a multilaminar structure consisting of specialized layer-specific neurons that form complex circuits throughout the brain and spinal cord. These neurons are generated in a defined sequence dictated by their birthdate such that early-born neurons settle in deep cortical layers ...
... The mammalian cortex is a multilaminar structure consisting of specialized layer-specific neurons that form complex circuits throughout the brain and spinal cord. These neurons are generated in a defined sequence dictated by their birthdate such that early-born neurons settle in deep cortical layers ...
Reciprocal Connectivity of Identified Color
... of the color-selective regions. The basic question is from where does the AITC receive input and, more specifically, whether the PITC directly projects to the AITC. Our results indicate that AITC is in fact reciprocally connected with the PITC. The AITC received additional inputs from various other a ...
... of the color-selective regions. The basic question is from where does the AITC receive input and, more specifically, whether the PITC directly projects to the AITC. Our results indicate that AITC is in fact reciprocally connected with the PITC. The AITC received additional inputs from various other a ...
Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on
... “noise” from the newly formed synaptic connections. ...
... “noise” from the newly formed synaptic connections. ...
Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and
... In the 20th century it was thought that novel behaviors are mediated primarily in cortex and that the development of automaticity is a process of transferring control to subcortical structures. However, evidence supports the view that subcortical structures, such as the striatum, make significant co ...
... In the 20th century it was thought that novel behaviors are mediated primarily in cortex and that the development of automaticity is a process of transferring control to subcortical structures. However, evidence supports the view that subcortical structures, such as the striatum, make significant co ...
Nat Methods 6:219-224 - University of British Columbia
... Fig. 3 online). In a mouse on which we performed both ICMS and LBM (Fig. 4), the positions and sizes of motor maps were generally in agreement. In this combined ICMS and LBM experiment we performed 26 penetrations to map the motor cortex, completing the ICMS map in approximately 1 h. In the same amo ...
... Fig. 3 online). In a mouse on which we performed both ICMS and LBM (Fig. 4), the positions and sizes of motor maps were generally in agreement. In this combined ICMS and LBM experiment we performed 26 penetrations to map the motor cortex, completing the ICMS map in approximately 1 h. In the same amo ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... areal and laminar density of neurons, glia and neurons positive for the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR) among 21 prefrontal areas or subdivisions of areas. Neuronal density varied among the prefrontal cortices (range: 38 569 ± 4078 to 58 708 ± 2327 neuro ...
... areal and laminar density of neurons, glia and neurons positive for the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR) among 21 prefrontal areas or subdivisions of areas. Neuronal density varied among the prefrontal cortices (range: 38 569 ± 4078 to 58 708 ± 2327 neuro ...
Responses of primate frontal cortex neurons during natural vocal
... neurons during natural, active communication for at least the following four reasons. First, this facet of marmoset communication has been extensively studied at the behavioral level (Chow et al. 2015; Miller et al. 2009a,b; Miller and Thomas 2012; Miller and Wang 2006; Morrill et al. 2013; Roy et a ...
... neurons during natural, active communication for at least the following four reasons. First, this facet of marmoset communication has been extensively studied at the behavioral level (Chow et al. 2015; Miller et al. 2009a,b; Miller and Thomas 2012; Miller and Wang 2006; Morrill et al. 2013; Roy et a ...
Cortical connections of the visuomotor parietooccipital
... In the remaining three animals used in the present study (17R, 18L, and 19L), which have been the subjects in chronic single-unit recording studies, the areas of the anterior wall of the parietooccipital sulcus were functionally identified before the tracing experiments. Details of training, animal c ...
... In the remaining three animals used in the present study (17R, 18L, and 19L), which have been the subjects in chronic single-unit recording studies, the areas of the anterior wall of the parietooccipital sulcus were functionally identified before the tracing experiments. Details of training, animal c ...
Orbitofrontal Cortex and Human Drug Abuse: Functional Imaging
... procedure in which the injection could have been placebo or cocaine, they likely experienced a negative emotional reaction (e.g. disappointment) when they realized that they had received placebo. In contrast, control participants would not have been as likely to have this emotional response. This in ...
... procedure in which the injection could have been placebo or cocaine, they likely experienced a negative emotional reaction (e.g. disappointment) when they realized that they had received placebo. In contrast, control participants would not have been as likely to have this emotional response. This in ...
The Circuitry of V1 and V2 - UCSD Cognitive Science
... and V2 are not feature detectors, although they can detect features. We shy away from functional assignations and simply describe receptive field properties, recognizing that the most apt stimulus may not yet be known. It is still early in the exploration of the visual cortex and many fundamental pre ...
... and V2 are not feature detectors, although they can detect features. We shy away from functional assignations and simply describe receptive field properties, recognizing that the most apt stimulus may not yet be known. It is still early in the exploration of the visual cortex and many fundamental pre ...
Cross-Modal Transfer of Information between the Tactile
... The psychophysical testing showed that there is a linear relationship between presented and chosen stimulus, regardless of the modalities, as shown by the linear regression curves. The direction of cross-modal information transfer (i.e., tactile to visual vs visual to tactile) had no influence on th ...
... The psychophysical testing showed that there is a linear relationship between presented and chosen stimulus, regardless of the modalities, as shown by the linear regression curves. The direction of cross-modal information transfer (i.e., tactile to visual vs visual to tactile) had no influence on th ...
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A
... During brain development, the emergence of distinct areas in the cerebral cortex involves an interplay between patterning of the cortical sheet in the early embryo and later influences of incoming connections made from other brain areas, namely the thalamus. Connectivity between the thalamus and the ...
... During brain development, the emergence of distinct areas in the cerebral cortex involves an interplay between patterning of the cortical sheet in the early embryo and later influences of incoming connections made from other brain areas, namely the thalamus. Connectivity between the thalamus and the ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... In particular, the pattern of divergence from a single site within TE, the detailed laminar distribution of the terminals, and differences in the projection from the dorsal and ventral parts of TE have not been investigated. To observe the divergence and the laminar pattern of terminations, injectio ...
... In particular, the pattern of divergence from a single site within TE, the detailed laminar distribution of the terminals, and differences in the projection from the dorsal and ventral parts of TE have not been investigated. To observe the divergence and the laminar pattern of terminations, injectio ...
α3β1 integrin modulates neuronal migration and placement during
... t-test). The percentage of actin microspikes that showed any changes in length also decreased significantly in α3 integrin null cells (wild type, 73±3%; mutant 30±2%). When α3 integrin was re-expressed in mutant cells, the rate of actin microspike elongation or retraction was restored to 1.06±0.06 µ ...
... t-test). The percentage of actin microspikes that showed any changes in length also decreased significantly in α3 integrin null cells (wild type, 73±3%; mutant 30±2%). When α3 integrin was re-expressed in mutant cells, the rate of actin microspike elongation or retraction was restored to 1.06±0.06 µ ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.