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... Surgical procedures and injection of the retroviral supernatant into the lateral ventricles of the fetal rat brains are described in detail elsewhere (Walsh and C epko, 1992). To label early-born as well as late-born striatal neurons, we made retroviral injections at the earliest feasible stages of ...
... Surgical procedures and injection of the retroviral supernatant into the lateral ventricles of the fetal rat brains are described in detail elsewhere (Walsh and C epko, 1992). To label early-born as well as late-born striatal neurons, we made retroviral injections at the earliest feasible stages of ...
Molecular Analysis of Developmental Plasticity in Neocortex
... cortex, while it is necessary for some aspects, albeit noncrucial ones, of activity-dependent development of visual cortex. Another study testing for the role of a plasticity molecule, nitric oxide (NO), in development of both visual and somatosensory cortex only partially involved the use of knocko ...
... cortex, while it is necessary for some aspects, albeit noncrucial ones, of activity-dependent development of visual cortex. Another study testing for the role of a plasticity molecule, nitric oxide (NO), in development of both visual and somatosensory cortex only partially involved the use of knocko ...
Analysis of Connectivity in the Cat Cerebral Cortex
... chical structure without any consideration of laminar termination patterns. These rules, that the distance between connected structures should be minimized and at the same time the distance between unconnected structures maximized, can respect almost any connection pattern between a set of elements. ...
... chical structure without any consideration of laminar termination patterns. These rules, that the distance between connected structures should be minimized and at the same time the distance between unconnected structures maximized, can respect almost any connection pattern between a set of elements. ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... D. Pettigrew, and Anna W. Roe. Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked intrinsic optical signals in primary auditory cortex of the cat. J Neurophysiol 85: 1283–1298, 2001. Spontaneous and tone-evoked changes in light reflectance were recorded from primary auditory cortex (A1) of anesthetized cats (barbitura ...
... D. Pettigrew, and Anna W. Roe. Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked intrinsic optical signals in primary auditory cortex of the cat. J Neurophysiol 85: 1283–1298, 2001. Spontaneous and tone-evoked changes in light reflectance were recorded from primary auditory cortex (A1) of anesthetized cats (barbitura ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... D. Pettigrew, and Anna W. Roe. Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked intrinsic optical signals in primary auditory cortex of the cat. J Neurophysiol 85: 1283–1298, 2001. Spontaneous and tone-evoked changes in light reflectance were recorded from primary auditory cortex (A1) of anesthetized cats (barbitura ...
... D. Pettigrew, and Anna W. Roe. Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked intrinsic optical signals in primary auditory cortex of the cat. J Neurophysiol 85: 1283–1298, 2001. Spontaneous and tone-evoked changes in light reflectance were recorded from primary auditory cortex (A1) of anesthetized cats (barbitura ...
Prediction error for free monetary reward in the human prefrontal
... that frontostriatal circuits are important for mediating the influence of reward expectation on the selection and preparation of actions. Specific dopamine-rich regions within the prefrontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992; Lidow et al., 1991; Sawaguchi and Goldman-Rakic, 1991), the premotor cort ...
... that frontostriatal circuits are important for mediating the influence of reward expectation on the selection and preparation of actions. Specific dopamine-rich regions within the prefrontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992; Lidow et al., 1991; Sawaguchi and Goldman-Rakic, 1991), the premotor cort ...
Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
Cortical Parcellations of the Macaque Monkey
... Figure 2. Key stages in LVD registration, using an exemplar individual (source) hemisphere registered to the F99 atlas target. (A, B) Landmark contours on source (case CH of Kolster et al. 2009) and target (F99 atlas) spheres after resampling to match the number of contour points in corresponding s ...
... Figure 2. Key stages in LVD registration, using an exemplar individual (source) hemisphere registered to the F99 atlas target. (A, B) Landmark contours on source (case CH of Kolster et al. 2009) and target (F99 atlas) spheres after resampling to match the number of contour points in corresponding s ...
Mirror Neurons in a New World Monkey, Common Marmoset
... monkeys (Goodman et al., 1998; Chatterjee et al., 2009). This study would provide valuable insight into our understanding of primate evolution. In this study, we investigate whether mirror neurons exist in the frontal cortex of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Marmosets are highly social anima ...
... monkeys (Goodman et al., 1998; Chatterjee et al., 2009). This study would provide valuable insight into our understanding of primate evolution. In this study, we investigate whether mirror neurons exist in the frontal cortex of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Marmosets are highly social anima ...
Processing in layer 4 of the neocortical circuit: new insights from
... GABA γ-aminobutyric acid IPSP inhibitory post-synaptic potential LGN lateral geniculate nucleus LTS low-threshold spiking RF receptive field S1 primary somatosensory cortex V1 primary visual cortex ...
... GABA γ-aminobutyric acid IPSP inhibitory post-synaptic potential LGN lateral geniculate nucleus LTS low-threshold spiking RF receptive field S1 primary somatosensory cortex V1 primary visual cortex ...
... This strict localizationism had and still has its importance for the development of Neurosciences, since the analysis of changes in mental processes resulting from brain damage became the basis for understanding the brain organization. It is also fundamental to understanding the evolutionary aspects ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... representing a multidimensional space on a lower dimensional space such that neighbor relationships are optimized. The technique is well established, heavily used in information technology applications, and instructions for implementing it are available in book form (Kohonen 2001) and on-line (http: ...
... representing a multidimensional space on a lower dimensional space such that neighbor relationships are optimized. The technique is well established, heavily used in information technology applications, and instructions for implementing it are available in book form (Kohonen 2001) and on-line (http: ...
remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and
... al., 1999). The ¢ndings from these studies have been very inconsistent. However, one cortical region, the posterior cingulate cortex, was observed to be signi¢cantly activated in three of the studies. In each of these studies, the caudal part of the posterior cingulate cortex, posterior to the splen ...
... al., 1999). The ¢ndings from these studies have been very inconsistent. However, one cortical region, the posterior cingulate cortex, was observed to be signi¢cantly activated in three of the studies. In each of these studies, the caudal part of the posterior cingulate cortex, posterior to the splen ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... representing a multidimensional space on a lower dimensional space such that neighbor relationships are optimized. The technique is well established, heavily used in information technology applications, and instructions for implementing it are available in book form (Kohonen 2001) and on-line (http: ...
... representing a multidimensional space on a lower dimensional space such that neighbor relationships are optimized. The technique is well established, heavily used in information technology applications, and instructions for implementing it are available in book form (Kohonen 2001) and on-line (http: ...
the distribution of the cells of origin of callosal projections in cat
... superior sagittal sinus. Gentle retraction of one hemisphere was necessary to enable visualization of the corpus callosum. The posterior two-thirds of the callosum was divided by aspiration through an 18 gauge needle. Care was taken to avoid damaging the cortex on the medial surfaces of the cerebral ...
... superior sagittal sinus. Gentle retraction of one hemisphere was necessary to enable visualization of the corpus callosum. The posterior two-thirds of the callosum was divided by aspiration through an 18 gauge needle. Care was taken to avoid damaging the cortex on the medial surfaces of the cerebral ...
Functional circuitry underlying visual neglect
... phenomena inform us that sufficient neural circuitry exists both for detection of stimuli in the neglected hemifield and for producing orienting responses to the stimuli, but that the circuits are prevented from acting. As a consequence, a potential cure may be effected if the secondary circuits wer ...
... phenomena inform us that sufficient neural circuitry exists both for detection of stimuli in the neglected hemifield and for producing orienting responses to the stimuli, but that the circuits are prevented from acting. As a consequence, a potential cure may be effected if the secondary circuits wer ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... the cortex: spillover of the dyes between injection sites or into adjacent areas could give rise to double-labeling of cells which do not necessarily send collaterals to the two intended cortical sites. A direct indication of the size of the uptake zone in the cortex is provided by examination of th ...
... the cortex: spillover of the dyes between injection sites or into adjacent areas could give rise to double-labeling of cells which do not necessarily send collaterals to the two intended cortical sites. A direct indication of the size of the uptake zone in the cortex is provided by examination of th ...
the organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex
... long stimulation trains did not resemble muscle twitches or segregated joint rotations. Instead they were complex, involved many joints in coordination, and often resembled meaningful actions such as putting the hand to the mouth and opening the mouth, making a defensive gesture as if to ward off an ...
... long stimulation trains did not resemble muscle twitches or segregated joint rotations. Instead they were complex, involved many joints in coordination, and often resembled meaningful actions such as putting the hand to the mouth and opening the mouth, making a defensive gesture as if to ward off an ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
100 The Molecular and Structural Basis of Amblyopia
... Bear, 2003). Although it is now appreciated that there are many mechanisms for LTD in different brain regions, some of these are well conserved (Malenka & Bear, 2004). The study of LTD in hippocampus and visual cortex has led to a detailed understanding of how activity triggers a loss of synaptic st ...
... Bear, 2003). Although it is now appreciated that there are many mechanisms for LTD in different brain regions, some of these are well conserved (Malenka & Bear, 2004). The study of LTD in hippocampus and visual cortex has led to a detailed understanding of how activity triggers a loss of synaptic st ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... Five Prototypical Tastes, Including Umami. In the primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (whi ...
... Five Prototypical Tastes, Including Umami. In the primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (whi ...
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary
... The era of Mountcastle, Hubel and Wiesel had “profound physiological implications” for the study of cortical processing (see Kandel, 2014). Hubel and Wiesel (1959) characterized the response properties of visual cortical neurons in columns: V1 neurons respond to their selective stimulus (e.g., a lin ...
... The era of Mountcastle, Hubel and Wiesel had “profound physiological implications” for the study of cortical processing (see Kandel, 2014). Hubel and Wiesel (1959) characterized the response properties of visual cortical neurons in columns: V1 neurons respond to their selective stimulus (e.g., a lin ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... based on extrapolations from volume densities and column geometry, such absolute numbers are very sensitive to tissue shrinkage (attributable to fixative-mediated dehydration) and the precise definition of column borders. Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we measured the density of neurons i ...
... based on extrapolations from volume densities and column geometry, such absolute numbers are very sensitive to tissue shrinkage (attributable to fixative-mediated dehydration) and the precise definition of column borders. Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we measured the density of neurons i ...
midbrain Brain stem
... cortex Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Fornix Temporal Primary lobe olfactory cortex Parasagittal view, right cerebral hemisphere ...
... cortex Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Fornix Temporal Primary lobe olfactory cortex Parasagittal view, right cerebral hemisphere ...
The multisensory roles for auditory cortex in primate vocal
... Primate vocal communication is a fundamentally multisensory behavior and this will be reflected in the different roles brain regions play in mediating it. Auditory cortex is illustrative, being influenced, I will argue, by the visual, somatosensory, proprioceptive and motor modalities during vocal com ...
... Primate vocal communication is a fundamentally multisensory behavior and this will be reflected in the different roles brain regions play in mediating it. Auditory cortex is illustrative, being influenced, I will argue, by the visual, somatosensory, proprioceptive and motor modalities during vocal com ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.