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... input-specific alterations in receptive-field size likely involve changes in network connectivity, but changes in cellular excitability or synaptic dynamics may also be important. Collectively, these results confirm the hypothesis that receptive-field size is systematically related to temporal and spect ...
... input-specific alterations in receptive-field size likely involve changes in network connectivity, but changes in cellular excitability or synaptic dynamics may also be important. Collectively, these results confirm the hypothesis that receptive-field size is systematically related to temporal and spect ...
neural representation and the cortical code
... the input and the output—to the transformation between the two. Several threeway statistical measures of this type have been considered for this process, but there is currently no widely accepted method (RC deCharms, M deWeese & P Latham, personal communication). This statistical structure allows th ...
... the input and the output—to the transformation between the two. Several threeway statistical measures of this type have been considered for this process, but there is currently no widely accepted method (RC deCharms, M deWeese & P Latham, personal communication). This statistical structure allows th ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... Current thinking about the structure and function of neocortex is largely shaped by several underlying principles: parcellation of the cortical sheet into distinct regions containing neurons of similar function (Van Essen 2013; Zilles and Amunts 2010), systematic white matter connections between the ...
... Current thinking about the structure and function of neocortex is largely shaped by several underlying principles: parcellation of the cortical sheet into distinct regions containing neurons of similar function (Van Essen 2013; Zilles and Amunts 2010), systematic white matter connections between the ...
Models and Measurements of Functional Maps in V1
... from single-unit studies that individual neurons are preferentially sensitive to a small set of stimulus features and that neuronal sensitivity to these features varies across the cortical sheet within a visual area (Hubel and Wiesel 1962). Over the last 20 years, optical imaging has allowed the act ...
... from single-unit studies that individual neurons are preferentially sensitive to a small set of stimulus features and that neuronal sensitivity to these features varies across the cortical sheet within a visual area (Hubel and Wiesel 1962). Over the last 20 years, optical imaging has allowed the act ...
Chapter 17 Intrinsic Optical Signal Imaging of Normal and Abnormal
... hemoglobin oxygenation may be focally impaired in certain disease states, which may also not be apparent from anatomic imaging. Hence, techniques that permit the neurosurgeon to map normal and abnormal physiology are critical to the development of our field, particularly if they can be done in real ...
... hemoglobin oxygenation may be focally impaired in certain disease states, which may also not be apparent from anatomic imaging. Hence, techniques that permit the neurosurgeon to map normal and abnormal physiology are critical to the development of our field, particularly if they can be done in real ...
Single nucleotide polymorphism in the neuroplastin locus
... Twin studies have demonstrated that brain structure is under significant genetic influence,7 with cortical thickness showing high heritability in children1,8 and adults.9,10 Differences in heritability are nonetheless notable. First, comparison of estimates of genetic effects in the left and right hem ...
... Twin studies have demonstrated that brain structure is under significant genetic influence,7 with cortical thickness showing high heritability in children1,8 and adults.9,10 Differences in heritability are nonetheless notable. First, comparison of estimates of genetic effects in the left and right hem ...
Insula and Orbitofrontal Cortical Morphology in Substance
... withdrawal or negative bodily states trigger interoceptive signals in the insula.9-11 From there, signals are transmitted to the OFC where information is maintained on-line to inform decisions and guide actions. Few structural imaging studies of substance dependence, however, have focused on the ins ...
... withdrawal or negative bodily states trigger interoceptive signals in the insula.9-11 From there, signals are transmitted to the OFC where information is maintained on-line to inform decisions and guide actions. Few structural imaging studies of substance dependence, however, have focused on the ins ...
The pattern of ocular dominance columns in macaque visual cortex
... bifurcations. The light bands were about 50 p wide and did not branch or terminate within area 17. Because the dark bands were similar in width to the bands of terminal degeneration which have been shown to result from single-layer lesions of the lateral geniculate body, i t seemed possible that the ...
... bifurcations. The light bands were about 50 p wide and did not branch or terminate within area 17. Because the dark bands were similar in width to the bands of terminal degeneration which have been shown to result from single-layer lesions of the lateral geniculate body, i t seemed possible that the ...
Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience
... character is any observable feature or attribute of an organism. A character could be a feature of the brain, such as the corpus callosum between the two cerebral hemispheres, or a feature of any other part of the body, or (as is often the case today) a molecule or a DNA sequence. By considering the ...
... character is any observable feature or attribute of an organism. A character could be a feature of the brain, such as the corpus callosum between the two cerebral hemispheres, or a feature of any other part of the body, or (as is often the case today) a molecule or a DNA sequence. By considering the ...
Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... 2000; Kaas, 2000]. Although comparable neurons have been described in other mammals, their exceptionally large size in primates [Le Gros Clark, 1942; Zilles, 1990; Kaas, 2000], for whom dexterous digital movement and vision are important [Le Gros Clark, 1959; Martin, 1990], suggests that these neuro ...
... 2000; Kaas, 2000]. Although comparable neurons have been described in other mammals, their exceptionally large size in primates [Le Gros Clark, 1942; Zilles, 1990; Kaas, 2000], for whom dexterous digital movement and vision are important [Le Gros Clark, 1959; Martin, 1990], suggests that these neuro ...
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats
... studies.46–49 Thus, the receptive fields of the neurons in barrel D3 are centered on the socalled principal whisker, D3. Whiskers surrounding the principal whisker may also excite cells to a lesser degree. Neurons in the layers above and below layer IV, which receive their main sensory input from la ...
... studies.46–49 Thus, the receptive fields of the neurons in barrel D3 are centered on the socalled principal whisker, D3. Whiskers surrounding the principal whisker may also excite cells to a lesser degree. Neurons in the layers above and below layer IV, which receive their main sensory input from la ...
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
... under aseptic conditions and anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (25–30 mgykg). The right hemisphere was retracted from the falx with a brain spoon. An aspirator was used to make a sagittal incision #5 mm in length in the corpus callosum, entering the lateral ventricle at the level of the intervent ...
... under aseptic conditions and anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (25–30 mgykg). The right hemisphere was retracted from the falx with a brain spoon. An aspirator was used to make a sagittal incision #5 mm in length in the corpus callosum, entering the lateral ventricle at the level of the intervent ...
prenatal formation of cortical input and development of
... innervation. The present study provides novel information on the timing, topography, and mode of distribution of corticostriatal fibers in the developing primate brain. This major class of corticostriatal efferents reaches its subjacent ipsilateral target by E69, well before the middle of gestation ...
... innervation. The present study provides novel information on the timing, topography, and mode of distribution of corticostriatal fibers in the developing primate brain. This major class of corticostriatal efferents reaches its subjacent ipsilateral target by E69, well before the middle of gestation ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... in a glass brain. Right top: axial and coronal section through the primary taste cortex (x,y,z ⫽ 54,12,10; z ⫽ 5.21; ⫺58,18,2; z ⫽ 6.15, with z ⫽ 4.5 corresponding to a groupcorrected P value of ⬍0.05) are shown with the activations thresholded at P ⬍ 0.0001 for extent. Right middle: axial and coron ...
... in a glass brain. Right top: axial and coronal section through the primary taste cortex (x,y,z ⫽ 54,12,10; z ⫽ 5.21; ⫺58,18,2; z ⫽ 6.15, with z ⫽ 4.5 corresponding to a groupcorrected P value of ⬍0.05) are shown with the activations thresholded at P ⬍ 0.0001 for extent. Right middle: axial and coron ...
Chapter 14: Brain Control of Movement
... • Lateral region Premotor area (PMA) • Medial region Supplementary motor area (SMA) • Motor maps in PMA and SMA • Similar functions; different groups of muscles innervated Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... • Lateral region Premotor area (PMA) • Medial region Supplementary motor area (SMA) • Motor maps in PMA and SMA • Similar functions; different groups of muscles innervated Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Inputs to `AIP`
... the extensive interconnections between AIP and PMv, we sought to examine whether these two cortical areas received inputs from common sources. PMv is the target of output from both the dentate and the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) (Hoover and Strick, 1993; Dum and Strick, 2002). Whil ...
... the extensive interconnections between AIP and PMv, we sought to examine whether these two cortical areas received inputs from common sources. PMv is the target of output from both the dentate and the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) (Hoover and Strick, 1993; Dum and Strick, 2002). Whil ...
Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex Jody C
... preparation even before the target stimulus appears [23••,48••,49,51,52•]. Importantly, these baseline signals can be larger in SPL [23••] or IPS [48••,52•] than in other visual areas, suggesting that the parietal lobes may be a source of attentional control signals. Second, several studies have imp ...
... preparation even before the target stimulus appears [23••,48••,49,51,52•]. Importantly, these baseline signals can be larger in SPL [23••] or IPS [48••,52•] than in other visual areas, suggesting that the parietal lobes may be a source of attentional control signals. Second, several studies have imp ...
Spatial organization of thalamocortical and corticothalamic
... the regions deep to individual barrels in lower layer V and layer VI. Some cells in this deeper aspect of the cortex project axons to the thalamus and send recurrent collaterals to terminate on neurons in layer IV; also, the apical dendrites of corticothalamic cells extend into the barrel centers wh ...
... the regions deep to individual barrels in lower layer V and layer VI. Some cells in this deeper aspect of the cortex project axons to the thalamus and send recurrent collaterals to terminate on neurons in layer IV; also, the apical dendrites of corticothalamic cells extend into the barrel centers wh ...
Generation of Rapid Eye Movements during Paradoxical Sleep in
... Several observations suggest that PGO waves also occur during human sleep. In epileptic patients, direct intracerebral recordings in the striate cortex showed monophasic or diphasic potentials during PS, isolated or in bursts (Salzarulo et al., 1975). The finding was corroborated in normal subjects ...
... Several observations suggest that PGO waves also occur during human sleep. In epileptic patients, direct intracerebral recordings in the striate cortex showed monophasic or diphasic potentials during PS, isolated or in bursts (Salzarulo et al., 1975). The finding was corroborated in normal subjects ...
THE CINGULATE CORTEX AND HUMAN MEMORY PROCESSES
... Results of this study show that the quantitative comparison of neuropsychological memory-test results with the anatomical structure of the cingulate cortex is meaningful. Increased size of several areas of the cingulate cortex correlates with a decrease in the number of errors in memory tests. Howev ...
... Results of this study show that the quantitative comparison of neuropsychological memory-test results with the anatomical structure of the cingulate cortex is meaningful. Increased size of several areas of the cingulate cortex correlates with a decrease in the number of errors in memory tests. Howev ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)reveal a system of periodically organized intrinsic connections in primate striate cortex. In layers 2 and 3 these connections form a reticular or latticelike pattern, extending for about 1.5-2.0 mm around an injection. This connectional lattic ...
... Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)reveal a system of periodically organized intrinsic connections in primate striate cortex. In layers 2 and 3 these connections form a reticular or latticelike pattern, extending for about 1.5-2.0 mm around an injection. This connectional lattic ...
Integrated model of visual processing
... computation is impossible when it requires combining neurons with selectivities to different attributes like movement direction, depth, color, shape etc . . . . One way to achieve this combination is by exchanging information between neurons in higher order areas coding for different attributes. How ...
... computation is impossible when it requires combining neurons with selectivities to different attributes like movement direction, depth, color, shape etc . . . . One way to achieve this combination is by exchanging information between neurons in higher order areas coding for different attributes. How ...
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of
... peripheral information in parallel or serially remains an issue of contention (Jones, 2007). Previous animal studies have reported that S2 receives topographic projections from ipsilateral S1 in monkeys (Jones et al., 1975, 1978; Friedman and Murray, 1986), cats (Jones and Powell, 1968; Manzoni et a ...
... peripheral information in parallel or serially remains an issue of contention (Jones, 2007). Previous animal studies have reported that S2 receives topographic projections from ipsilateral S1 in monkeys (Jones et al., 1975, 1978; Friedman and Murray, 1986), cats (Jones and Powell, 1968; Manzoni et a ...
new insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex
... Unfortunately, only two of these five monkeys received a lesion at one location only. In all other animals in which Watson et al.2 made STS lesions, ablation was added to pre-existing brain lesions (of inferior parietal cortex in two cases, and of frontal cortex and corpus callosum in the third). On ...
... Unfortunately, only two of these five monkeys received a lesion at one location only. In all other animals in which Watson et al.2 made STS lesions, ablation was added to pre-existing brain lesions (of inferior parietal cortex in two cases, and of frontal cortex and corpus callosum in the third). On ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.