Review The Neural Basis of Perceptual Learning
... sensory processing pathway. It is here that stimulus features are represented with the finest resolution. While few would disagree that the perception of complex phenomena is dependent upon experience, it is less well recognized that the ability to perceive even simple stimulus attributes, which mig ...
... sensory processing pathway. It is here that stimulus features are represented with the finest resolution. While few would disagree that the perception of complex phenomena is dependent upon experience, it is less well recognized that the ability to perceive even simple stimulus attributes, which mig ...
a review with emphasis on the projections of specific thalamic nuclei
... nucleus, for as Killackey and Ebnerg’** suggested, each area of mammalian neocortex likely receives input from 2 or more separate thalamic nuclei. * * ‘Specific’ in this context was first applied by Lorente de NO‘110 to denote the thalamocortical projections of the main relay nuclei of the thalamus ...
... nucleus, for as Killackey and Ebnerg’** suggested, each area of mammalian neocortex likely receives input from 2 or more separate thalamic nuclei. * * ‘Specific’ in this context was first applied by Lorente de NO‘110 to denote the thalamocortical projections of the main relay nuclei of the thalamus ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently been described (Morante-Oria et al., 2003); this population does not express reelin or GABA, but can be identified by TAG1 expression and possesses a subpallial origin. Neurotrophins are a family of peptide growth factors regulating neuronal survival, sy ...
... early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently been described (Morante-Oria et al., 2003); this population does not express reelin or GABA, but can be identified by TAG1 expression and possesses a subpallial origin. Neurotrophins are a family of peptide growth factors regulating neuronal survival, sy ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
Total number and volume of Von Economo neurons in the cerebral
... bottlenose dolphin (1.90 m beak-to-fluke notch length, 3 years old) and of a stranded adult female Risso’s dolphin (2.90 m beak-to-fluke notch length, 18 years old) were collected at necropsy within 24 hours from death, postfixed, and stored in 10% formalin for about 3 years at the Marine Mammals Tissu ...
... bottlenose dolphin (1.90 m beak-to-fluke notch length, 3 years old) and of a stranded adult female Risso’s dolphin (2.90 m beak-to-fluke notch length, 18 years old) were collected at necropsy within 24 hours from death, postfixed, and stored in 10% formalin for about 3 years at the Marine Mammals Tissu ...
Some Analogies Between Visual Cortical and Genetic Maps
... are replicas of an ancient gene for a receptor protein. 31 The genes for the red and green receptor proteins are located adjacent to each other on the X chromosome and have a 96% sequence homology.32 Many individuals have up to three slightly different versions of the gene for the green receptor pro ...
... are replicas of an ancient gene for a receptor protein. 31 The genes for the red and green receptor proteins are located adjacent to each other on the X chromosome and have a 96% sequence homology.32 Many individuals have up to three slightly different versions of the gene for the green receptor pro ...
Computational cognitive neuroscience: 10. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
... Prefrontal cortex (PFC): connectivity • PFC receives high-level information from posterior cortical association areas, and is also directly interconnected with motivational and emotional areas (amygdala, insula, cingulate areas) that convey "the bottom line" forces that ultimately guide behavior. ...
... Prefrontal cortex (PFC): connectivity • PFC receives high-level information from posterior cortical association areas, and is also directly interconnected with motivational and emotional areas (amygdala, insula, cingulate areas) that convey "the bottom line" forces that ultimately guide behavior. ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... magnitudes and visuotopic pattern of projections of different cortical areas to be directly compared, as corticotectal neurons in a number of areas are labeled by each injection in the SC. There have been two comprehensive studies based on retrograde SC injections. In the earlier study, Fries15 plac ...
... magnitudes and visuotopic pattern of projections of different cortical areas to be directly compared, as corticotectal neurons in a number of areas are labeled by each injection in the SC. There have been two comprehensive studies based on retrograde SC injections. In the earlier study, Fries15 plac ...
Vertebrate brains and evolutionary connectomics: on the origins of
... be compared with the mammalian cortex. The belief in the uniqueness of the mammalian forebrain was particularly emphasized in the writings of Sir Hughlings Jackson (1835– 1911) [5], and his co-worker, David Ferrier (1843–1928), who suggested that over the course of evolution, functions of the brains ...
... be compared with the mammalian cortex. The belief in the uniqueness of the mammalian forebrain was particularly emphasized in the writings of Sir Hughlings Jackson (1835– 1911) [5], and his co-worker, David Ferrier (1843–1928), who suggested that over the course of evolution, functions of the brains ...
The Integrated Nature of Motor Cortical Function
... Fig. 3. Camera lucida drawing of a single biocytin-labeled motor cortical layer V pyramidal neuron, reconstructed from horizontal sections (i.e., viewed from above). Microstimulation at that point elicited a response in the elbow flexor brachialis (Br). Note the extensive axonal arbor studded with ...
... Fig. 3. Camera lucida drawing of a single biocytin-labeled motor cortical layer V pyramidal neuron, reconstructed from horizontal sections (i.e., viewed from above). Microstimulation at that point elicited a response in the elbow flexor brachialis (Br). Note the extensive axonal arbor studded with ...
PDF
... the mature cortex. Pia (or pia mater). Innermost layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Preplate. Located between the pia and the ventricular zone, it contains the earliest born neurons and represents the beginning of corticogenesis prior to the emergence of the cortical pla ...
... the mature cortex. Pia (or pia mater). Innermost layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Preplate. Located between the pia and the ventricular zone, it contains the earliest born neurons and represents the beginning of corticogenesis prior to the emergence of the cortical pla ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... the first time (Siegfried 1961), others (Aubert 1970; Aubert and Legros 1971; Korn and Masson 1963; Massion et al. 1966) clearly differentiated the evoked potential in the lateral sigmoid gyrus, at the lateral extent of sensorimotor cortex, from the evoked potential focus in the orbital gyrus, which ...
... the first time (Siegfried 1961), others (Aubert 1970; Aubert and Legros 1971; Korn and Masson 1963; Massion et al. 1966) clearly differentiated the evoked potential in the lateral sigmoid gyrus, at the lateral extent of sensorimotor cortex, from the evoked potential focus in the orbital gyrus, which ...
ChennWalshCeCortexJu..
... neurons that are never seen in normal brains. These new neuronal ‘structures’ reside deep to the cerebral cortex, but apparently distinct from the underlying striatum (Figs 3 and 4), in a region similar to the position normally occupied by the subventricular zone. In some sections, these aggregation ...
... neurons that are never seen in normal brains. These new neuronal ‘structures’ reside deep to the cerebral cortex, but apparently distinct from the underlying striatum (Figs 3 and 4), in a region similar to the position normally occupied by the subventricular zone. In some sections, these aggregation ...
fMRI - Rackcdn.com
... traverse the centrum semi ovale to the corona radiata. The tracts continue through the posterior limb of the internal capsule They then continue caudally via the cerebellar peduncles (midbrain) and basilar pons Finally the fibers enter the medullary pyramids, and then decussate to become the lateral ...
... traverse the centrum semi ovale to the corona radiata. The tracts continue through the posterior limb of the internal capsule They then continue caudally via the cerebellar peduncles (midbrain) and basilar pons Finally the fibers enter the medullary pyramids, and then decussate to become the lateral ...
The Information Processing Mechanism of the Brain
... 2.1 The neural network The central piece of the hardware of the brain is the neural network. The network performs the fundamental brain operations, somewhat akin to the transistor in the electronic circuits of a television or a computer. In these pieces of machinery combinations of transistors, toge ...
... 2.1 The neural network The central piece of the hardware of the brain is the neural network. The network performs the fundamental brain operations, somewhat akin to the transistor in the electronic circuits of a television or a computer. In these pieces of machinery combinations of transistors, toge ...
Motor areas of the frontal lobe by Jarrod Blinch
... giant pyramidal (Betz) cells in layer V as you travel rostral from area 4 to area 6 (Geyer et al, 2000). Giant pyramidal cells are most likely to form direct corticomotoneuronal connections, which are vital for independent finger movements (Geyer et al, 2000). Another distinction that divides some o ...
... giant pyramidal (Betz) cells in layer V as you travel rostral from area 4 to area 6 (Geyer et al, 2000). Giant pyramidal cells are most likely to form direct corticomotoneuronal connections, which are vital for independent finger movements (Geyer et al, 2000). Another distinction that divides some o ...
Representation of the Visual Field in the Human Occipital Cortex
... anteriorly above the calcarine fissure by MRI, which measured 300 mm2. Assuming the total surface area of the average human striate cortex to be about 2500 mm2 (based on postmortem specimens and after allowing for shrinkage),6,14 the percentage of surface area of the lesion above the calcarine fissu ...
... anteriorly above the calcarine fissure by MRI, which measured 300 mm2. Assuming the total surface area of the average human striate cortex to be about 2500 mm2 (based on postmortem specimens and after allowing for shrinkage),6,14 the percentage of surface area of the lesion above the calcarine fissu ...
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control of Attention in the Prefrontal
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
Neural Compensations After Lesion of the Cerebral
... is considerable localization of function in the cerebral cortex, there has been a rediscovery of the ideas that the brain may be flexible after an injury (for a historical review see Benton & Tranel, 2000). With the recognition that some form of functional compensation is possible after cerebral inj ...
... is considerable localization of function in the cerebral cortex, there has been a rediscovery of the ideas that the brain may be flexible after an injury (for a historical review see Benton & Tranel, 2000). With the recognition that some form of functional compensation is possible after cerebral inj ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... A role for OFC in signaling expected outcomes has been demonstrated thus far only in pavlovian settings. This includes the explicit pavlovian reinforcer devaluation task described above (Gallagher et al., 1999) as well as operant tasks built on object discrimination learning (Izquierdo et al., 2004) ...
... A role for OFC in signaling expected outcomes has been demonstrated thus far only in pavlovian settings. This includes the explicit pavlovian reinforcer devaluation task described above (Gallagher et al., 1999) as well as operant tasks built on object discrimination learning (Izquierdo et al., 2004) ...
Sensory Pathways and Emotional Context for Action
... cortex are more global than to lateral prefrontal cortex by virtue of their topography from anterior high-order sensory association cortices that represent each and every sensory modality (29,30) (Figure 1). Further, more than any other prefrontal region, the orbitofrontal cortex is connected with a ...
... cortex are more global than to lateral prefrontal cortex by virtue of their topography from anterior high-order sensory association cortices that represent each and every sensory modality (29,30) (Figure 1). Further, more than any other prefrontal region, the orbitofrontal cortex is connected with a ...
Branched thalamic afferents - the Sherman Lab
... axonal conduction was known. Cajal recognized that axonal conduction depended on neural impulses but his view of the conduction of impulses along the branches of an axon was based on a mistaken hydraulic model of the axon. He considered that, “At any point along an axon and its collaterals, the amou ...
... axonal conduction was known. Cajal recognized that axonal conduction depended on neural impulses but his view of the conduction of impulses along the branches of an axon was based on a mistaken hydraulic model of the axon. He considered that, “At any point along an axon and its collaterals, the amou ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and
... in which geographic (gyral and sulcal) landmarks were used to constrain the registration (Van Essen et al., 2001b). Depending on the data source, this method was applied to computerized maps (spherical or flat maps) and to scanned images of manually generated flat maps or drawings of the hemispheric ...
... in which geographic (gyral and sulcal) landmarks were used to constrain the registration (Van Essen et al., 2001b). Depending on the data source, this method was applied to computerized maps (spherical or flat maps) and to scanned images of manually generated flat maps or drawings of the hemispheric ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.