敌獳湯⌠ⴷ8
... most of its afferent input from the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem and is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receive ...
... most of its afferent input from the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem and is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receive ...
Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex
... The first postmitotic cortical neurons collect in an outsidein sequence to form a transient layer termed the preplate [8]. Subsequently-born neurons migrate into the preplate to form a new series of layers collectively known as the cortical plate, which thereby splits the preplate into a superficial ...
... The first postmitotic cortical neurons collect in an outsidein sequence to form a transient layer termed the preplate [8]. Subsequently-born neurons migrate into the preplate to form a new series of layers collectively known as the cortical plate, which thereby splits the preplate into a superficial ...
Plasticity of Sensory and Motor Maps in Adult Mammals
... mapsat three levels of cortical processing in the somatosensorycortex, and for changes that cannot be easily attributed to the relay of subcortical reorganizations. To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory a ...
... mapsat three levels of cortical processing in the somatosensorycortex, and for changes that cannot be easily attributed to the relay of subcortical reorganizations. To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory a ...
The role of ventral premotor cortex in action execution and action
... portion of the inferior frontal cortex, mainly in area 44 of Brodmann. According to our own data, there seems to be a homology between Brodmann area 44 in humans and the monkey area F5. The non-language related motor functions of Broca’s region comprise complex hand movements, associative sensorimot ...
... portion of the inferior frontal cortex, mainly in area 44 of Brodmann. According to our own data, there seems to be a homology between Brodmann area 44 in humans and the monkey area F5. The non-language related motor functions of Broca’s region comprise complex hand movements, associative sensorimot ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... of connections between prefrontal cortex and other structures can provide information about the sequence of transmission of information for emotions. How is information from multiple signals about the external environment organized, and how is this information integrated with information about emoti ...
... of connections between prefrontal cortex and other structures can provide information about the sequence of transmission of information for emotions. How is information from multiple signals about the external environment organized, and how is this information integrated with information about emoti ...
Vascular Spasm in Cat Cerebral Cortex
... were usually 0.5 - 1.5 mm in diameter and more often involved the superficial cortex although they were also present in the deeper cortex and even in the white matter. None of the 8 control animals displayed significant no-reflow areas as evidenced by even distribution of dye throughout the cortex a ...
... were usually 0.5 - 1.5 mm in diameter and more often involved the superficial cortex although they were also present in the deeper cortex and even in the white matter. None of the 8 control animals displayed significant no-reflow areas as evidenced by even distribution of dye throughout the cortex a ...
Lateral Connectivity and Contextual Interactions in Macaque
... m that coalesce into patches beyond that distance (Figures 2A and 2B). The axons were imaged using confocal microscopy, providing high resolution not only within the plane of section, but also in depth. Reconstructions were assembled from multiple z stacks—ⵑ50 depth planes into which each cortical ...
... m that coalesce into patches beyond that distance (Figures 2A and 2B). The axons were imaged using confocal microscopy, providing high resolution not only within the plane of section, but also in depth. Reconstructions were assembled from multiple z stacks—ⵑ50 depth planes into which each cortical ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... but rather appear to migrate into the anterior cingulate cortex beginning several months after birth. Our observations are not in conflict with the prenatal development of the spindle cells in chimpanzees because human babies are much less developed at birth than chimpanzee infants. It is possible t ...
... but rather appear to migrate into the anterior cingulate cortex beginning several months after birth. Our observations are not in conflict with the prenatal development of the spindle cells in chimpanzees because human babies are much less developed at birth than chimpanzee infants. It is possible t ...
Movement
... Figure 8.9 Map of body areas in the primary motor cortex. Stimulation at any point in the primary motor cortex is most likely to evoke movements in the body areas shown. However, actual results are usually messier than this figure implies: For example, individual cells controlling one finger may be ...
... Figure 8.9 Map of body areas in the primary motor cortex. Stimulation at any point in the primary motor cortex is most likely to evoke movements in the body areas shown. However, actual results are usually messier than this figure implies: For example, individual cells controlling one finger may be ...
Lesson #7-8
... most of its afferent input from the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem and is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receive ...
... most of its afferent input from the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem and is thus also called the vestibulocerebellum. Anatomically, it consists mainly of the flocculus and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe). The paleocerebellum (next oldest portion of the cerebellum, after the archicerebellum) receive ...
State-dependent and cell type-specific temporal processing in
... cortical states shape sensory processing across cortical laminae and what type of response properties emerge in the cortex. Recording neural activity from the auditory cortex (AC) and medial geniculate body (MGB) simultaneously with electrical stimulations of the basal forebrain (BF) in urethaneanes ...
... cortical states shape sensory processing across cortical laminae and what type of response properties emerge in the cortex. Recording neural activity from the auditory cortex (AC) and medial geniculate body (MGB) simultaneously with electrical stimulations of the basal forebrain (BF) in urethaneanes ...
Chapter 6 — Gross Anatomy of the Brain
... central sulcus. The region of the frontal lobe located anterior to the precentral sulcus is subdivided into the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. This subdivision is due to the presence, though inconsistent, of two longitudinally disposed sulci, the superior and inferior frontal sulci. Th ...
... central sulcus. The region of the frontal lobe located anterior to the precentral sulcus is subdivided into the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. This subdivision is due to the presence, though inconsistent, of two longitudinally disposed sulci, the superior and inferior frontal sulci. Th ...
Cortical Functions Reference
... Lesions in the left superior parietal lobe are associated with ideomotor apraxia (loss of the ability to produce purposeful, skilled movements as the result of brain pathology not caused by weakness, paralysis, lack of coordination, or sensory loss). It is well established that astereognosis (or tac ...
... Lesions in the left superior parietal lobe are associated with ideomotor apraxia (loss of the ability to produce purposeful, skilled movements as the result of brain pathology not caused by weakness, paralysis, lack of coordination, or sensory loss). It is well established that astereognosis (or tac ...
Lec #10_Central Vis - Biology Courses Server
... Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Neural Compensations After Lesion of the Cerebral Cortex
... is considerable localization of function in the cerebral cortex, there has been a rediscovery of the ideas that the brain may be flexible after an injury (for a historical review see Benton & Tranel, 2000). With the recognition that some form of functional compensation is possible after cerebral inj ...
... is considerable localization of function in the cerebral cortex, there has been a rediscovery of the ideas that the brain may be flexible after an injury (for a historical review see Benton & Tranel, 2000). With the recognition that some form of functional compensation is possible after cerebral inj ...
Oriented Axon Projections in Primary Visual Cortex of the Monkey
... the micropipette with a freshly made, saturated solution of biocytin (ⱖ4%; Sigma, St. L ouis, MO) in sterile saline. We took a photograph of the cortical surface for later reference and chose injection sites in areas free of blood vessels and spaced ⬎3 mm apart. Just before introducing the pipette, ...
... the micropipette with a freshly made, saturated solution of biocytin (ⱖ4%; Sigma, St. L ouis, MO) in sterile saline. We took a photograph of the cortical surface for later reference and chose injection sites in areas free of blood vessels and spaced ⬎3 mm apart. Just before introducing the pipette, ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... and only cases for which the ISI revealed a clear refractory period were classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘small cluster’. We saw no evidence for differences in the response prope ...
... and only cases for which the ISI revealed a clear refractory period were classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘small cluster’. We saw no evidence for differences in the response prope ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... This is a simplified schematic of the key intrinsic connections among excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) populations in granular (L4), supragranular (L1/ 2/3), and infragranular (L5/6) layers. The excitatory interlaminar connections are based largely on Gilbert and Wiesel (1983). Forward connections ...
... This is a simplified schematic of the key intrinsic connections among excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) populations in granular (L4), supragranular (L1/ 2/3), and infragranular (L5/6) layers. The excitatory interlaminar connections are based largely on Gilbert and Wiesel (1983). Forward connections ...
striatum
... Ventral striatum Ventral pallidum / subst. Nigra Thalamus (mediodorsal nc.) – Prefrontal cortex Circuit might be crucial for the learning and executionof reward – related behavior ...
... Ventral striatum Ventral pallidum / subst. Nigra Thalamus (mediodorsal nc.) – Prefrontal cortex Circuit might be crucial for the learning and executionof reward – related behavior ...
Emx1/2 and neocorticogenesis - Development
... neurons form upper cortical layers. As a result, five layers are generated in the cortical plate. This ‘inside-out corticogenetic gradient’ is a general feature of the mammalian cortex (Angevine and Sidman, 1961; Caviness and Rakic, 1978). CR cells localize in the marginal zone and play an essential ...
... neurons form upper cortical layers. As a result, five layers are generated in the cortical plate. This ‘inside-out corticogenetic gradient’ is a general feature of the mammalian cortex (Angevine and Sidman, 1961; Caviness and Rakic, 1978). CR cells localize in the marginal zone and play an essential ...
Towards understanding of the cortical network underlying
... neurons combine to form local circuits and to exhibit the function of each cortical area. We will discuss some new methodological innovations that tackle these challenges. Keywords: inferior temporal cortex; pair-association memory; prefrontal cortex; top-down signal; fMRI of macaque monkeys; local ...
... neurons combine to form local circuits and to exhibit the function of each cortical area. We will discuss some new methodological innovations that tackle these challenges. Keywords: inferior temporal cortex; pair-association memory; prefrontal cortex; top-down signal; fMRI of macaque monkeys; local ...
The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts
... from various areas belonging to the ‘dorsal visual stream’ (among them areas MST and MT) that are involved in the analysis of optic flow and motion (Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983; Ungerleider and Desimone, 1986; Boussaoud et al., 1990). In addition, VIP receives somatosensory information from areas P ...
... from various areas belonging to the ‘dorsal visual stream’ (among them areas MST and MT) that are involved in the analysis of optic flow and motion (Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983; Ungerleider and Desimone, 1986; Boussaoud et al., 1990). In addition, VIP receives somatosensory information from areas P ...
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
... in Brodmann’s area 44 for the obser vation of object-oriented hand/arm movements, compared with observation of hand/arm movements without an object. When observing mouth movements, however, there was a comparable increase in signal in area 44 and also in area 45 in the right hemisphere, whether the ...
... in Brodmann’s area 44 for the obser vation of object-oriented hand/arm movements, compared with observation of hand/arm movements without an object. When observing mouth movements, however, there was a comparable increase in signal in area 44 and also in area 45 in the right hemisphere, whether the ...
Development of the Auditory Areas
... and many of the neurons in layer V (especially anteriorly, Fig. 12-2) are unlabeled, while the majority of neurons in layers IV-II are labeled. To analyze the radial neurogenetic gradient, the cell counts in all auditory areas were combined separately for each layer, and timetables of the birthdates ...
... and many of the neurons in layer V (especially anteriorly, Fig. 12-2) are unlabeled, while the majority of neurons in layers IV-II are labeled. To analyze the radial neurogenetic gradient, the cell counts in all auditory areas were combined separately for each layer, and timetables of the birthdates ...
Control of movement direction - Cognitive Science Research Group
... the brain is using to encode movement: the spatial (extrinsic) coordinates frame, which represents movement in the Cartesian space or the motor (intrinsic) coordinates that represents motion in terms of the actuator dynamics, such as the joint and muscles coordinates. The answer to this question is ...
... the brain is using to encode movement: the spatial (extrinsic) coordinates frame, which represents movement in the Cartesian space or the motor (intrinsic) coordinates that represents motion in terms of the actuator dynamics, such as the joint and muscles coordinates. The answer to this question is ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.