Directional guidance of interneuron migration to the cerebral cortex
... prevent the ventral migration of MGE cells. To test whether the repulsive activity found in the most ventral aspect of the subpallium was present in a gradient, we designed an experiment in which MGE cells were forced to migrate towards the ventral midline. The cortex was removed ipsilateral to the ...
... prevent the ventral migration of MGE cells. To test whether the repulsive activity found in the most ventral aspect of the subpallium was present in a gradient, we designed an experiment in which MGE cells were forced to migrate towards the ventral midline. The cortex was removed ipsilateral to the ...
Malformations of the Cerebral Cortex as a Cause of Mental
... deep in the forebrain, in the ventricular and subventricular zones lining the cerebral cavity. In the second phase, after their final mitotic division, cortical neurons migrate away from their place of origin in a radial fashion – along the radial glial fibres from the periventricular region, or tan ...
... deep in the forebrain, in the ventricular and subventricular zones lining the cerebral cavity. In the second phase, after their final mitotic division, cortical neurons migrate away from their place of origin in a radial fashion – along the radial glial fibres from the periventricular region, or tan ...
Does the sound of a barking dog activate its corresponding visual
... To the best of our knowledge, there have been no prior functional imaging studies that have attempted to simultaneously test hypotheses regarding interactivity between hub and spoke regions in this manner. This could reflect, at least in part, the considerable methodological challenge of isolating a ...
... To the best of our knowledge, there have been no prior functional imaging studies that have attempted to simultaneously test hypotheses regarding interactivity between hub and spoke regions in this manner. This could reflect, at least in part, the considerable methodological challenge of isolating a ...
Cortical sensorimotor alterations classify clinical phenotype and
... whether any of these reported brain abnormalities may be considered as a neuroimaging marker(s) for SD prediction and diagnostic differentiation. This is partly due to the fact that the majority of studies have focused on mapping brain alterations in the most common sporadic adductor form of SD, thus ...
... whether any of these reported brain abnormalities may be considered as a neuroimaging marker(s) for SD prediction and diagnostic differentiation. This is partly due to the fact that the majority of studies have focused on mapping brain alterations in the most common sporadic adductor form of SD, thus ...
PhD Thesis - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
... The early patterning of anterior and posterior neural tissues is mediated trough signals released by the primitive node or organizer, known as Hensen’s node in chick, and Spemnann organizer in frog. In general, the so called neural-plate organizers are signaling center located in different positions ...
... The early patterning of anterior and posterior neural tissues is mediated trough signals released by the primitive node or organizer, known as Hensen’s node in chick, and Spemnann organizer in frog. In general, the so called neural-plate organizers are signaling center located in different positions ...
Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
... Figure 4. A, Light-microscopy. Four days after the ischemic insult, some axons attached to dying neurons show globular and abnormal distension of their terminals (arrow-heads). Bar 8.9 m. Bodian’s silver impregnation. Inset: EM observation of the distended degenerated axon 3 weeks after the ischemi ...
... Figure 4. A, Light-microscopy. Four days after the ischemic insult, some axons attached to dying neurons show globular and abnormal distension of their terminals (arrow-heads). Bar 8.9 m. Bodian’s silver impregnation. Inset: EM observation of the distended degenerated axon 3 weeks after the ischemi ...
exuberance in the development of cortical
... functional properties of cortical neurons, such as their OCULAR DOMINANCE or their selectivity for the orientation or colour of objects. Development of the thalamocortical pathway requires the delivery of thalamic axons along a complex three-dimensional route to the cortex, the arrival of thalamic a ...
... functional properties of cortical neurons, such as their OCULAR DOMINANCE or their selectivity for the orientation or colour of objects. Development of the thalamocortical pathway requires the delivery of thalamic axons along a complex three-dimensional route to the cortex, the arrival of thalamic a ...
p57 regulates radial glia and intermediate precursor
... specifically in layers 2-5. In conclusion, our observations suggest that p57KIP2 and p27KIP1 control neuronal output for distinct cortical layers by regulating different stages of precursor proliferation, and support a model in which IPCs contribute to both lower and upper layer neuron generation. ...
... specifically in layers 2-5. In conclusion, our observations suggest that p57KIP2 and p27KIP1 control neuronal output for distinct cortical layers by regulating different stages of precursor proliferation, and support a model in which IPCs contribute to both lower and upper layer neuron generation. ...
Simultaneous Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Entire Cortical
... minimizes damage to large surface vasculature; and allows precise orientation (e.g., toward posterior and lateral cortex; Fig. 1E) to minimize damage to thalamocortical axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus, which traverse cortex from lateral to medial, below layer 6, before ascending into their ...
... minimizes damage to large surface vasculature; and allows precise orientation (e.g., toward posterior and lateral cortex; Fig. 1E) to minimize damage to thalamocortical axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus, which traverse cortex from lateral to medial, below layer 6, before ascending into their ...
Fig. 1 - Journal of Neuroscience
... zone, removal of MPP3 resulted in randomization of spindle orientation and ectopically localized mitotic cells. Loss of MPP3 in the developing cortex resulted in delayed migration of progenitor cells, whereas the rate of cell division and exit from the cell cycle was not affected. This resulted in d ...
... zone, removal of MPP3 resulted in randomization of spindle orientation and ectopically localized mitotic cells. Loss of MPP3 in the developing cortex resulted in delayed migration of progenitor cells, whereas the rate of cell division and exit from the cell cycle was not affected. This resulted in d ...
Luczak, 2015 - University of Lethbridge
... identity of the stimulus. Similar packets also occur during ongoing stimuli and spontaneously. We suggest that such packets constitute the basic building blocks of cortical coding. Neurons are capable of generating spikes with great temporal precision1. Spike-timing is thought to be important for in ...
... identity of the stimulus. Similar packets also occur during ongoing stimuli and spontaneously. We suggest that such packets constitute the basic building blocks of cortical coding. Neurons are capable of generating spikes with great temporal precision1. Spike-timing is thought to be important for in ...
Layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex has the highest
... of a higher order called cortical columns which are formed by neurons with similar physiological properties (Mountcastle, 1997). This modular organization is a widely recognized design principle for the structure and function of the brain (Jones, 2000; Mountcastle, 2003). The cortical column is a co ...
... of a higher order called cortical columns which are formed by neurons with similar physiological properties (Mountcastle, 1997). This modular organization is a widely recognized design principle for the structure and function of the brain (Jones, 2000; Mountcastle, 2003). The cortical column is a co ...
Motor pathway injury in patients with
... Periventricular leucomalacia has long been investigated as a leading cause of motor and cognitive impairment in subjects who were born prematurely with a low birth weight or very low birth weight. The main neuropathological feature is a focal or diffuse necrosis of cerebral white matter with loss of ...
... Periventricular leucomalacia has long been investigated as a leading cause of motor and cognitive impairment in subjects who were born prematurely with a low birth weight or very low birth weight. The main neuropathological feature is a focal or diffuse necrosis of cerebral white matter with loss of ...
the premotor cortex of the monkey
... radialis, brachialis, and brachioradials were monitored, many bilaterally, and they also showed no consistent transient or sustained relationship with the ready signal. EMG activity was synchronized with movement; the earliest muscles were activated 20 to 80 msec before movement onset. The onset tim ...
... radialis, brachialis, and brachioradials were monitored, many bilaterally, and they also showed no consistent transient or sustained relationship with the ready signal. EMG activity was synchronized with movement; the earliest muscles were activated 20 to 80 msec before movement onset. The onset tim ...
Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity Based on
... others 1995; Collins and Evans 1997). This atlas was generated from a high-contrast MRI of a single individual, transformed into stereotaxic space (Collins and others 1994), and manually segmented into over 100 different anatomical regions, using the atlas of Talairach and Tournoux (1988) as a guide ...
... others 1995; Collins and Evans 1997). This atlas was generated from a high-contrast MRI of a single individual, transformed into stereotaxic space (Collins and others 1994), and manually segmented into over 100 different anatomical regions, using the atlas of Talairach and Tournoux (1988) as a guide ...
Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex
... cortex in humans is briefly described followed by some additional results concerning the location of the parietal eye field – within the posterior half of the intraparietal sulcus – and its role in visuo-spatial integration and attention. The other areas involved in spatial attention are also examin ...
... cortex in humans is briefly described followed by some additional results concerning the location of the parietal eye field – within the posterior half of the intraparietal sulcus – and its role in visuo-spatial integration and attention. The other areas involved in spatial attention are also examin ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... parieto-frontal circuits. These circuits work in parallel and transform different aspects of sensory information into appropriate motor commands. The aim of this review is to give a concise overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the agranular frontal isocortex in macaques and to d ...
... parieto-frontal circuits. These circuits work in parallel and transform different aspects of sensory information into appropriate motor commands. The aim of this review is to give a concise overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the agranular frontal isocortex in macaques and to d ...
The cerebrocerebellar system: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... architecture that is essentially uniform. This has theoretical and clinical ramifications. It is the anatomical basis for the dysmetria of thought hypothesis that postulates a universal cerebellar transform, in which the cerebellum performs its unique computation in a topographically precise manner ...
... architecture that is essentially uniform. This has theoretical and clinical ramifications. It is the anatomical basis for the dysmetria of thought hypothesis that postulates a universal cerebellar transform, in which the cerebellum performs its unique computation in a topographically precise manner ...
Rapid Alterations in Diffusion-weighted Images with Anatomic
... seizure-related brain alterations (7, 8). Diffusionweighted imaging has been used in several studies with the kainic acid (an excitatory amino acid) model of TLE. As early as 1 hour, at 5 hours (8), and 12 hours (7) after kainic acid injection, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) decreased in t ...
... seizure-related brain alterations (7, 8). Diffusionweighted imaging has been used in several studies with the kainic acid (an excitatory amino acid) model of TLE. As early as 1 hour, at 5 hours (8), and 12 hours (7) after kainic acid injection, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) decreased in t ...
The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and
... the IPS are more concerned with sensorimotor processing whereas posterior parts are more dedicated to visual information processing. Additionally, there is another functional gradient across the IPS: neurons located on the medial bank are more responsive to arm movements, whereas neurons situated in ...
... the IPS are more concerned with sensorimotor processing whereas posterior parts are more dedicated to visual information processing. Additionally, there is another functional gradient across the IPS: neurons located on the medial bank are more responsive to arm movements, whereas neurons situated in ...
Cortical Plasticity - Lund University Publications
... Sensory cortex, as well as most other cortical areas, is divided into six layers, L-I-VI. The sensory input arrives first and foremost to L-IV and to some extent to L-VI and L-III and are, as mentioned above, arising from thalamus via thalamocortical axons. Output to other cortical and subcortical r ...
... Sensory cortex, as well as most other cortical areas, is divided into six layers, L-I-VI. The sensory input arrives first and foremost to L-IV and to some extent to L-VI and L-III and are, as mentioned above, arising from thalamus via thalamocortical axons. Output to other cortical and subcortical r ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... A different approach to architecture is to group areas by cortical type.2,8,20 The methods of parcellating by architecture and by type share some features but also have key differences. Architectonic areas are mapped on the basis of local features, such as the shape or size of neurons in different l ...
... A different approach to architecture is to group areas by cortical type.2,8,20 The methods of parcellating by architecture and by type share some features but also have key differences. Architectonic areas are mapped on the basis of local features, such as the shape or size of neurons in different l ...
Expression of Cux-1 and Cux-2 in the Subventricular Zone and
... Little is known about how neurons in the different layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex are specified at the molecular level. Expression of two homologues of the Drosophila homeobox Cut gene, Cux-1 and Cux-2, is strikingly specific to the pyramidal neurons of the upper layers (II–IV) of the murine ...
... Little is known about how neurons in the different layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex are specified at the molecular level. Expression of two homologues of the Drosophila homeobox Cut gene, Cux-1 and Cux-2, is strikingly specific to the pyramidal neurons of the upper layers (II–IV) of the murine ...
From sensorimotor learning to memory cells in prefrontal and
... modulation of extracellular calcium concentrations would therefore be most pronounced. Hence, experiments using visual stimuli should elicit stronger memory cell activity in the directly stimulated primary sensory areas, but not in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, where stimulus-elicited activation t ...
... modulation of extracellular calcium concentrations would therefore be most pronounced. Hence, experiments using visual stimuli should elicit stronger memory cell activity in the directly stimulated primary sensory areas, but not in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, where stimulus-elicited activation t ...
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... Theories of temporal coding by cortical neurons are supported by observations that individual neurons can respond to sensory stimulation with millisecond precision and that activity in large populations is often highly correlated. Synchronization is highest between neurons with overlapping receptive ...
... Theories of temporal coding by cortical neurons are supported by observations that individual neurons can respond to sensory stimulation with millisecond precision and that activity in large populations is often highly correlated. Synchronization is highest between neurons with overlapping receptive ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.