Cortical modulation of pain
... inconsistency of findings, it seems that some neurons in SI cortex are activated by nociceptive input, but the intensity, amount and character of the activation is different [25, 26] from non-nociceptive input to the same area. One result of the human functional imaging studies is that it has become ...
... inconsistency of findings, it seems that some neurons in SI cortex are activated by nociceptive input, but the intensity, amount and character of the activation is different [25, 26] from non-nociceptive input to the same area. One result of the human functional imaging studies is that it has become ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... Figure 1 | Timeline illustrating many of the main events during the development of the visual cortex and its connections with the thalamus in the ferret. The period of neurogenesis in the cortical layers is shown in red, whereas the time of laminar differentiation is shown in blue. Neurogenesis of t ...
... Figure 1 | Timeline illustrating many of the main events during the development of the visual cortex and its connections with the thalamus in the ferret. The period of neurogenesis in the cortical layers is shown in red, whereas the time of laminar differentiation is shown in blue. Neurogenesis of t ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... Figure 1 | Timeline illustrating many of the main events during the development of the visual cortex and its connections with the thalamus in the ferret. The period of neurogenesis in the cortical layers is shown in red, whereas the time of laminar differentiation is shown in blue. Neurogenesis of t ...
... Figure 1 | Timeline illustrating many of the main events during the development of the visual cortex and its connections with the thalamus in the ferret. The period of neurogenesis in the cortical layers is shown in red, whereas the time of laminar differentiation is shown in blue. Neurogenesis of t ...
Supplementary Materials ANTICIPATION PHASE Neutral vs. gain
... temporale, lateral occipital cortex, thalamus, brain stem, and left middle frontal gyrus and hippocampus (Table S5). Social anxiety and gain outcomes Gain magnitude. Contrasting large gain outcome with small gain outcome yielded three clusters of activity positively related to social anxiety (Table ...
... temporale, lateral occipital cortex, thalamus, brain stem, and left middle frontal gyrus and hippocampus (Table S5). Social anxiety and gain outcomes Gain magnitude. Contrasting large gain outcome with small gain outcome yielded three clusters of activity positively related to social anxiety (Table ...
PDF file
... in both horizontal and vertical directions. A connection falls outside of the neuronal plane is not allowed. Given an input image with dimension 40 × 40, V2’ L4 contains 3 depths of (40 − 21 + 1) × (40 − 21 + 1) neurons. It indicates that neighboring neurons receive highly correlated features with 1 ...
... in both horizontal and vertical directions. A connection falls outside of the neuronal plane is not allowed. Given an input image with dimension 40 × 40, V2’ L4 contains 3 depths of (40 − 21 + 1) × (40 − 21 + 1) neurons. It indicates that neighboring neurons receive highly correlated features with 1 ...
Circuits in Psychopharmacology
... the prefrontal cortex. This part of the journey into contemporary psychopharmacology may be a bit painful to some and may require reading of this chapter more than once. However, the reward that comes from a working knowledge of neuroanatomy is to open an entirely new paradigm of understanding psych ...
... the prefrontal cortex. This part of the journey into contemporary psychopharmacology may be a bit painful to some and may require reading of this chapter more than once. However, the reward that comes from a working knowledge of neuroanatomy is to open an entirely new paradigm of understanding psych ...
Neurological Principles and Rehabilitation of Action Disorders
... artificially rebalancing the costs associated with using the affected versus the less affected limb. Finally, we can ask how these actions are organized and produced by the brain-what are the biological mechanisms that implement these computational processes? What specific neural mechanisms are invo ...
... artificially rebalancing the costs associated with using the affected versus the less affected limb. Finally, we can ask how these actions are organized and produced by the brain-what are the biological mechanisms that implement these computational processes? What specific neural mechanisms are invo ...
6-Cerebellum 2009
... Purkinje cells are the main output neurons of the cerebellar cortex & project to the deep nuclei of the cerebellum. They are inhibitory to the DCN . The deep cerebellar nuclei ( DCN ) project out to brainstem and thalamic targets via the superior cerebellar peduncles. They are excitatory , but in tu ...
... Purkinje cells are the main output neurons of the cerebellar cortex & project to the deep nuclei of the cerebellum. They are inhibitory to the DCN . The deep cerebellar nuclei ( DCN ) project out to brainstem and thalamic targets via the superior cerebellar peduncles. They are excitatory , but in tu ...
the Central Nervous System
... A. General Features 1. account for 83% of brain mass 2. composed of gray matter 3. folds in cortex - triples its size 4. fissures - grooves that separate major regions of the brain a. transverse fissure - separates cerebrum and cerebellum b. longitudinal fissure - separates cerebral hemispheres 5. s ...
... A. General Features 1. account for 83% of brain mass 2. composed of gray matter 3. folds in cortex - triples its size 4. fissures - grooves that separate major regions of the brain a. transverse fissure - separates cerebrum and cerebellum b. longitudinal fissure - separates cerebral hemispheres 5. s ...
Thalamocortical projection from the ventral posteromedial nucleus
... the synaptic convergence sites of the somatosensory system [4,5]. VPM afferent fibers in layer I were short and seemed to be restricted to the width of the underlying cortical columns. On the other hand, Po afferents, which are also thalamic afferents, were long and extended horizontally across the ...
... the synaptic convergence sites of the somatosensory system [4,5]. VPM afferent fibers in layer I were short and seemed to be restricted to the width of the underlying cortical columns. On the other hand, Po afferents, which are also thalamic afferents, were long and extended horizontally across the ...
Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging: Technique review and Models
... In this review, we focus on optical imaging based on voltage sensitive dyes (VSDI). This optical imaging technique offers the possibility to visualize, in real time, the cortical activity of large neuronal populations with high spatial resolution (down to 20-50 µm) and high temporal resolution (down ...
... In this review, we focus on optical imaging based on voltage sensitive dyes (VSDI). This optical imaging technique offers the possibility to visualize, in real time, the cortical activity of large neuronal populations with high spatial resolution (down to 20-50 µm) and high temporal resolution (down ...
May 21, 04copy.doc
... Sensory deprivation has been a productive approach to investigate the effects of environmental stimuli on adult and developing brain. Whereas lack of normal excitatory inputs leaves some cortical neurotransmitter systems unaffected (Goodman et al., 1993; Schlaggar et al, 1993), it can lead to down r ...
... Sensory deprivation has been a productive approach to investigate the effects of environmental stimuli on adult and developing brain. Whereas lack of normal excitatory inputs leaves some cortical neurotransmitter systems unaffected (Goodman et al., 1993; Schlaggar et al, 1993), it can lead to down r ...
Functional and Dysfunctional Aspects of the Cerebral Cortex
... and extrapyramidal tracks, respectively, innervate the alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscles, including the trigeminal system. The postcentral gyrus, however, also has a role in motor activity, since the electrical stimulation of the gyrus may elicit movement at times. Similarly, the precentral gy ...
... and extrapyramidal tracks, respectively, innervate the alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscles, including the trigeminal system. The postcentral gyrus, however, also has a role in motor activity, since the electrical stimulation of the gyrus may elicit movement at times. Similarly, the precentral gy ...
Hierarchical somatosensory processing
... SII: a higher level of processing? The notion that SII is higher than SI in hierarchy was proposed on the basis of their anatomical relationships: SI sends projections to SII, while SII projects back to the superficial layers of SI [8,42,43]. Physiological studies have shown that compared to SI neur ...
... SII: a higher level of processing? The notion that SII is higher than SI in hierarchy was proposed on the basis of their anatomical relationships: SI sends projections to SII, while SII projects back to the superficial layers of SI [8,42,43]. Physiological studies have shown that compared to SI neur ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... which VGluT1 and VGluT2 mRNA were co-expressed in nearly all neurons in the primary sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus (Barroso-Chinea et al., 2007). In the MGC, VGluT1 mRNA expression was confined to the MGv, whereas neurons expressing VGluT2 were widely distributed in all divisions. In considerat ...
... which VGluT1 and VGluT2 mRNA were co-expressed in nearly all neurons in the primary sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus (Barroso-Chinea et al., 2007). In the MGC, VGluT1 mRNA expression was confined to the MGv, whereas neurons expressing VGluT2 were widely distributed in all divisions. In considerat ...
Branching Thalamic Afferents Link Action and Perception
... the thalamus. For some cortical areas, such as primary visual or somatosensory areas (V1, S1), this thalamic input is seen to dominate the functional properties of the cortical cells. These thalamocortical afferents pass to the cortex the main, “driving input”1 that the thalamic relay cells receive ...
... the thalamus. For some cortical areas, such as primary visual or somatosensory areas (V1, S1), this thalamic input is seen to dominate the functional properties of the cortical cells. These thalamocortical afferents pass to the cortex the main, “driving input”1 that the thalamic relay cells receive ...
5. the architecture of the visual cortex
... A large part of the cerebral cortex on the right side has been exposed under local anesthesia for the neurosurgical treatment of seizures in this fully conscious human patient. The surgeon was Dr. William Feindel at the Montreal Neurological Institute. The scalp has been opened and retracted and a l ...
... A large part of the cerebral cortex on the right side has been exposed under local anesthesia for the neurosurgical treatment of seizures in this fully conscious human patient. The surgeon was Dr. William Feindel at the Montreal Neurological Institute. The scalp has been opened and retracted and a l ...
Frontal lobe and cognitive development
... ganglia; in addition, it is profusely connected with the association cortex of occipital, temporal, and parietal regions (for detailed review of frontal connections, see Fuster, 1997b). The precise functional role of the connections of the prefrontal cortex is not entirely known, but can be inferred ...
... ganglia; in addition, it is profusely connected with the association cortex of occipital, temporal, and parietal regions (for detailed review of frontal connections, see Fuster, 1997b). The precise functional role of the connections of the prefrontal cortex is not entirely known, but can be inferred ...
The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... hominoids to exploit resources in small branches of trees by developing suspensory postures to distribute their body weight. This form of locomotion may have been particularly important in allowing certain species to increase body size. In addition, compared to other primates, hominoids have extende ...
... hominoids to exploit resources in small branches of trees by developing suspensory postures to distribute their body weight. This form of locomotion may have been particularly important in allowing certain species to increase body size. In addition, compared to other primates, hominoids have extende ...
Surface-view connectivity patterns of area 18 in cats
... This arrangement of area 17 inputs to area 18, as revealed by the locations of patches of retrogradelylabeled cells in area 17, was also apparent following separate FR, FB and WGA-HRP area 18 injections in case 92-8 1 (Fig. 1B). In case 93-99, six different tracers were applied in distinct locations ...
... This arrangement of area 17 inputs to area 18, as revealed by the locations of patches of retrogradelylabeled cells in area 17, was also apparent following separate FR, FB and WGA-HRP area 18 injections in case 92-8 1 (Fig. 1B). In case 93-99, six different tracers were applied in distinct locations ...
Hayrunnisa Bolay, Turkey
... trigeminal neurons in the brainstem nucleus (TNC). CSD is implicated in releasing CGRP and nitric oxide from trigeminal nerve endings and leading to neurogenic inflammation in the dura mater. CSD is a key to understand familial hemiplegic migraine phenotype, critical involvement of glutamatergic syn ...
... trigeminal neurons in the brainstem nucleus (TNC). CSD is implicated in releasing CGRP and nitric oxide from trigeminal nerve endings and leading to neurogenic inflammation in the dura mater. CSD is a key to understand familial hemiplegic migraine phenotype, critical involvement of glutamatergic syn ...
Looking for the roots of cortical sensory computation in three
... inputs and a widespread network of associational connections likely contribute to the spatial spread and heterogeneity of PCx-neuron response selectivity [23,63,64]. This lack of visible organization of population responses is similar to that observed in the insect mushroom body, a structure direc ...
... inputs and a widespread network of associational connections likely contribute to the spatial spread and heterogeneity of PCx-neuron response selectivity [23,63,64]. This lack of visible organization of population responses is similar to that observed in the insect mushroom body, a structure direc ...
Relative sparing of primary auditory cortex in Williams Syndrome
... the between-subjects factor, and hemisphere and layer were the within-subjects factors. The effect of gender could not be analyzed with any confidence because of the small number of cases. Given the marked variability in neuronal size, as is the case in the cerebral cortex, demonstrating significant ...
... the between-subjects factor, and hemisphere and layer were the within-subjects factors. The effect of gender could not be analyzed with any confidence because of the small number of cases. Given the marked variability in neuronal size, as is the case in the cerebral cortex, demonstrating significant ...
Relative sparing of primary auditory cortex in Williams Syndrome
... the between-subjects factor, and hemisphere and layer were the within-subjects factors. The effect of gender could not be analyzed with any confidence because of the small number of cases. Given the marked variability in neuronal size, as is the case in the cerebral cortex, demonstrating significant ...
... the between-subjects factor, and hemisphere and layer were the within-subjects factors. The effect of gender could not be analyzed with any confidence because of the small number of cases. Given the marked variability in neuronal size, as is the case in the cerebral cortex, demonstrating significant ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.