Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... (142, 157, 158, 188), and umami, as exemplified by monosodium glutamate (MSG) (2, 120), but also other neurons that encode oral somatosensory stimuli, including viscosity, fat texture, and temperature as well as capsaicin (found in hot peppers) (176). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond ...
... (142, 157, 158, 188), and umami, as exemplified by monosodium glutamate (MSG) (2, 120), but also other neurons that encode oral somatosensory stimuli, including viscosity, fat texture, and temperature as well as capsaicin (found in hot peppers) (176). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond ...
Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... spike in different cortical laminae to understand the initiation process of epileptiform activity. Because the timing of the initial spike in optical recordings correlated well with that of the local field potential recordings, we can use the photodiode array to locate the starting focus of the init ...
... spike in different cortical laminae to understand the initiation process of epileptiform activity. Because the timing of the initial spike in optical recordings correlated well with that of the local field potential recordings, we can use the photodiode array to locate the starting focus of the init ...
A forward genetic screen with a thalamocortical emx2
... zone and/or subplate [26-28]. Finally, around birth, TCAs sprout collateral branches within their specific cortical target areas to synapse with layer 4 neurons [27,29]. The TCAs thereby transmit topographic sensory information to the appropriate cortical areas. Since the understanding of the steps ...
... zone and/or subplate [26-28]. Finally, around birth, TCAs sprout collateral branches within their specific cortical target areas to synapse with layer 4 neurons [27,29]. The TCAs thereby transmit topographic sensory information to the appropriate cortical areas. Since the understanding of the steps ...
Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for cell type identification
... specificity? What exactly is “cell type” of neurons? Our laboratory has been trying to identify the unique features of the primate neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH ...
... specificity? What exactly is “cell type” of neurons? Our laboratory has been trying to identify the unique features of the primate neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH ...
Coordinated Optimization of Visual Cortical Maps
... timescales. If this was the case, developmental optimization may lead to long-lived spatially irregular states that are transients towards regular patterns that would be reached after very long times or potentially never. To assess this possibility it is critical to examine model predictions over a ...
... timescales. If this was the case, developmental optimization may lead to long-lived spatially irregular states that are transients towards regular patterns that would be reached after very long times or potentially never. To assess this possibility it is critical to examine model predictions over a ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... to different body parts in a fixed temporal sequence that varied from patient to patient, a pattern called Jacksonian march. Jackson concluded that paroxysmal neural activity generated by epileptic foci located near the central sulcus caused the involuntary seizures. He speculated that the progressi ...
... to different body parts in a fixed temporal sequence that varied from patient to patient, a pattern called Jacksonian march. Jackson concluded that paroxysmal neural activity generated by epileptic foci located near the central sulcus caused the involuntary seizures. He speculated that the progressi ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... region was demonstrated consistent with its known anatomic connections. It should be noted at this point that the ACC is not a morphologically homogeneous region. It comprises at least two cytoarchitectonic areas, Brodmann’s areas 24 and 32. In the monkey, area 32 represents the rostralmost part of ...
... region was demonstrated consistent with its known anatomic connections. It should be noted at this point that the ACC is not a morphologically homogeneous region. It comprises at least two cytoarchitectonic areas, Brodmann’s areas 24 and 32. In the monkey, area 32 represents the rostralmost part of ...
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... (Wobst et al., 2001). Acetylcholinesterase is linked to cholinergic activity in cortex (Mesulam and Geula, 1992) and is well known to modulate neuronal activity in primary auditory cortex (Edeline, 1999). The role of the calcium binding protein parvalbumin is less clear, but it has been associated w ...
... (Wobst et al., 2001). Acetylcholinesterase is linked to cholinergic activity in cortex (Mesulam and Geula, 1992) and is well known to modulate neuronal activity in primary auditory cortex (Edeline, 1999). The role of the calcium binding protein parvalbumin is less clear, but it has been associated w ...
Hedonic Hotspots Regulate Cingulate-driven
... The integrated coding of cognitive demands and hedonic processing might operate via well-known anatomical connections that loop between these rostral cingulate regions and the basal ganglia (cf. Heimer et al. 1982; Botvinick et al. 2009; Haber and Knutson 2010). We hypothesized that the counter-regu ...
... The integrated coding of cognitive demands and hedonic processing might operate via well-known anatomical connections that loop between these rostral cingulate regions and the basal ganglia (cf. Heimer et al. 1982; Botvinick et al. 2009; Haber and Knutson 2010). We hypothesized that the counter-regu ...
Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons
... horizontal connections are not sufficiently extensive to account for the spatial scale of all center–surround interactions [4]. Injections (0.5–1.0 mm in diameter) of sensitive bidirectional tracers (cholera toxin B, CTB, or biotinylated dextran amine, BDA) in macaque area V1 at 2–8 eccentricity labe ...
... horizontal connections are not sufficiently extensive to account for the spatial scale of all center–surround interactions [4]. Injections (0.5–1.0 mm in diameter) of sensitive bidirectional tracers (cholera toxin B, CTB, or biotinylated dextran amine, BDA) in macaque area V1 at 2–8 eccentricity labe ...
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working
... 1986). The GPi and SNr circuits are functionally analogous (although they have different subcortical targets), so we consider them as one functional entity. Both the frontal cortex and the striatum also receive inputs from various areas of the posterior/sensory cortex. There are also other pathways ...
... 1986). The GPi and SNr circuits are functionally analogous (although they have different subcortical targets), so we consider them as one functional entity. Both the frontal cortex and the striatum also receive inputs from various areas of the posterior/sensory cortex. There are also other pathways ...
In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration
... nucleus predominantly found in the VZ, a short apical process that connects them with the lateral ventricles and a very long basal filament that contacts the outer brain surface. This array of basal radial glia filaments is what newborn neurons use to support and direct their migration towards the o ...
... nucleus predominantly found in the VZ, a short apical process that connects them with the lateral ventricles and a very long basal filament that contacts the outer brain surface. This array of basal radial glia filaments is what newborn neurons use to support and direct their migration towards the o ...
Age-dependent effect of cholinergic lesion on dendritic morphology
... (F(1, 8) = 0.23 and 2.80, respectively, ns). To assess overall changes in apical dendritic morphology after lesion, total length and number of apical dendrites were compared across groups using two-way ANOVA (age × treatment). Overall apical branch number and length did not vary across ages (F(2, 28 ...
... (F(1, 8) = 0.23 and 2.80, respectively, ns). To assess overall changes in apical dendritic morphology after lesion, total length and number of apical dendrites were compared across groups using two-way ANOVA (age × treatment). Overall apical branch number and length did not vary across ages (F(2, 28 ...
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... exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensory information on larger spectral and longer temporal scales than ...
... exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensory information on larger spectral and longer temporal scales than ...
Feedforward and feedback frequency
... they propagate to other layers (3). We therefore assume two laminar modules: a supragranular module (layer 2/3) that displays gamma rhythms and an infragranular module (layers 5 and 6) that displays alpha rhythms. To couple the modules of both layers for parsimony, we consider a subset of strong ana ...
... they propagate to other layers (3). We therefore assume two laminar modules: a supragranular module (layer 2/3) that displays gamma rhythms and an infragranular module (layers 5 and 6) that displays alpha rhythms. To couple the modules of both layers for parsimony, we consider a subset of strong ana ...
BMC Neuroscience
... Nevertheless, projections from the two hemispheres were strongly correlated in topography and relative density. We investigated to what extent the distribution of contralateral projections depended on: (a) geographic proximity of projection areas to the area homotopic to the injection site; (b) the ...
... Nevertheless, projections from the two hemispheres were strongly correlated in topography and relative density. We investigated to what extent the distribution of contralateral projections depended on: (a) geographic proximity of projection areas to the area homotopic to the injection site; (b) the ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... known facts about the physiology and anatomy. This model accounts for many visual properties of V1 neurons, among them orientation selectivity. One innovation in this model is its realism: the spatial strength of connections between neurons is taken to be the spatial density of synaptic connections ...
... known facts about the physiology and anatomy. This model accounts for many visual properties of V1 neurons, among them orientation selectivity. One innovation in this model is its realism: the spatial strength of connections between neurons is taken to be the spatial density of synaptic connections ...
The Neuroscientist
... our brain interprets their periodicity as the perceptual quality of pitch. Pitch has been defined as “that attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high” (American National Standards Institute [ANSI] 1994). In addition to forming the basis for music, pitch c ...
... our brain interprets their periodicity as the perceptual quality of pitch. Pitch has been defined as “that attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high” (American National Standards Institute [ANSI] 1994). In addition to forming the basis for music, pitch c ...
Topical Review
... projections that were not injured by the stroke. It is not clear at present if this sprouting involves in situ axonal branch formation and growth, but it would be unlikely for axonal projections to grow de novo across the long distances from cortex to cervical spinal cord or brain stem after stroke. ...
... projections that were not injured by the stroke. It is not clear at present if this sprouting involves in situ axonal branch formation and growth, but it would be unlikely for axonal projections to grow de novo across the long distances from cortex to cervical spinal cord or brain stem after stroke. ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... keeping track of information for future decisions. These patterns suggest that the auditory association links of area 10 are critical for complex cognition. The first part of this review focuses on the organization of prefrontal-auditory pathways at the level of the system and the synapse, with a pa ...
... keeping track of information for future decisions. These patterns suggest that the auditory association links of area 10 are critical for complex cognition. The first part of this review focuses on the organization of prefrontal-auditory pathways at the level of the system and the synapse, with a pa ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... as the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, also express high levels of the CB1 receptor (Herkenham and others 1991; Matsuda and others 1993; Glass and others 1997; Biegon and Kerman 2001). Therefore, CB1 receptors in these regions may mediate certain deficits in cognitive functions observed f ...
... as the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, also express high levels of the CB1 receptor (Herkenham and others 1991; Matsuda and others 1993; Glass and others 1997; Biegon and Kerman 2001). Therefore, CB1 receptors in these regions may mediate certain deficits in cognitive functions observed f ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... Behavioral comparisons between elephants and great apes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Comparative aspects of cognitive behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... Behavioral comparisons between elephants and great apes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Comparative aspects of cognitive behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... of sections for each marker. Sections from one series were processed simultaneously under uniform conditions. The tissue was washed with 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) and preblocked with 10% normal goat serum (with 0.2% Triton-X) for 1 h, and incubated for 2--3 days in primary antibody for PV (1:2000; mouse mo ...
... of sections for each marker. Sections from one series were processed simultaneously under uniform conditions. The tissue was washed with 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) and preblocked with 10% normal goat serum (with 0.2% Triton-X) for 1 h, and incubated for 2--3 days in primary antibody for PV (1:2000; mouse mo ...
REPRESENTATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL FIELDS IN
... visual cortex. Clark 4, using the same technique, could not trace any fibers beyond the opercular lip and concluded that long association fibers emanating from the primary visual cortex do not exist. More recently, the Nauta technique has been used by both Myers 12,13 and his collaborators and Kuype ...
... visual cortex. Clark 4, using the same technique, could not trace any fibers beyond the opercular lip and concluded that long association fibers emanating from the primary visual cortex do not exist. More recently, the Nauta technique has been used by both Myers 12,13 and his collaborators and Kuype ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... basal ganglia [23,25,26,39]. Traditionally, these connections are considered to be the principal routes whereby information processing within the basal ganglia influences brainstem motor mechanisms, particularly in the context of oculomotor control [40]. In addition to their descending projections t ...
... basal ganglia [23,25,26,39]. Traditionally, these connections are considered to be the principal routes whereby information processing within the basal ganglia influences brainstem motor mechanisms, particularly in the context of oculomotor control [40]. In addition to their descending projections t ...
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The cerebral cortex plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick.In large mammals, the cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci.The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies (with astrocytes being the most abundant cell type in the cortex as well as the human brain as a whole) and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex (also called isocortex), is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their cytoarchitectonics (histological structure) and functional roles in sensation, cognition and behavior.